Reputation (Christopher Marlowe)

Introduction

Reputation is not easy to be defined but it could be referred to as a group of thoughts, views, opinions, ideas, actions and beliefs that are related to someone or something. It could be formed due to the person or the thing real features and characteristics or may be a combination of the real actions and people's opinions. This essay is going to shed the light on Christopher Marlowe's own personal life so as to discuss the theme of reputation and how people could see someone and judge him through his reputation. Reputation is not always a mirror for a person but sometimes it reflects people's thoughts about some actions interpretations. We are going to discuss how interpretations that could be different from a point of view to another could affect people's reputation through looking into the life history of Christopher Marlowe, the author of the great famous play: Dr, Faustus. 

Body

Christopher Marlowe was one of the most famous writers of his time (1564-93), his best known play "Dr. Faustus" was one of the most outstanding literary works in English literature. Marlowe was born in the same year Shakespeare was born in and both playwrights were encountering the same age. He was a government spy. His life was full of mystery as well as the way he died. He was stabbed to death in Deptford and this happened in a tavern. Marlowe's reputation as a writer is very good as he is known to be an important dramatist, he achieved great success on the stage with his great famous work appreciated by Shakespeare. His life despite being short was very turbulent as he began as a humble child who could reach Cambridge University to become a government spy and after that to be a playwright and a poet writing in blank verse yet history tells some things about Marlowe's violent side with breaking the laws actions. It was in 1592 when the court accused him of breaking the laws as threatened two constables. It was also said that he a tailor had been attacked by him with a stick and a dagger and this accident was referred to court. In fact there are many reasons for making Marlowe's reputation a mysterious one as the evidences on his life actions are not enough.

To verify the soundness of Marlowe's reputation, we found many obstacles as neither his life nor his death were clear. There were hostile attitudes related to Marlowe that his reputation was greatly affected with. He was accused by some people of being hostile and violent such as his friend Thomas Kyd, the playwright who accused him to be cruel but it is said that Kyd said what he claimed about Marlowe while he was under torture. It is difficult to know that a person like Richard Baines said that Marlowe was against religion and insulted Christ and his mother bearing thoughts against religion that he thought was a power tool. He also accused him of having homosexual affairs. Thomas Beard thought that his death was a god punishment according to the sins he committed. All these cruel descriptions they made about Marlowe were puzzling when we read other contrasting opinions of Marlowe such as those of his fellow dramatist George Peele as he described him to be a good dramatist and poet that he called him "the Moses darling" and Thomas Heywood who mentioned him as "the best of poets at that age". All these contradictions about him made it hard to make sure who was the real Marlowe.

Yet there are factors that help in favoring one part of opinions over the others and this could share greatly in constructing Marlowe's reputation. Being famous as man is one of these factors as he was not just a famous writer but the personal life participated in building Marlowe's reputation. Gossip was another factor to affect the way in which his reputation was constructed but this gossip had found a basis to be built upon which was the characters of Marlowe's works as they tended to break the law and challenge religion beliefs as well as sexual natural rules, this was clear through the characters of his works, Dr. Faustus who challenged Christian rules and King Edward who was homosexual. He himself provided the public with what they thought evidences for building such a reputation of Marlowe so he was another factor to help in producing his own reputation. These all were factors that contributed in constructing Marlowe's reputation of being cruel, careless to religion and rules, smoker and homosexual. Marlowe shared in fact as a factor himself in leaving such impacts on others.

Cultures and times have their special effects and they influence our interpretations for events with relations to reputation matters. As in the case of Christopher Marlowe, in the sixteenth century period and till the eighteenth century period he was considered as a scandalized writer in the view of critics of that age, his protagonists were seen from a biographical point of view as if he was expressing himself through his protagonists. These views could leave their effects on readers if they are much interested in the eighteenth century criticism. The nineteenth century literary period had different ideas concerning Marlowe, there had been a favorable look to Marlowe as an artist as in that period English studies was established as an academic system which raised interests in the great literary works such as the role of Marlowe in Shakespeare in Love. This shows how much it is important to discuss all different historical opinions when we are going to establish a reputation about someone.

A reputation of someone is usually constructed by many elements, one of them is the source materials that we should be cautious to use them. There are source materials concerning Marlowe whether historical or contemporary. Many authors wrote about him in the past or even in modern times. There is a question here which is: Are we obliged to believe all the news Kyd, Baines and others told us about him? The answer is no, we have to study the materials he and others left carefully. The works of him such as Dr. Faustus and others with their distinguished rebellion protagonist may not reflect his inner attitudes. He might have met characters who affected him and he tried to describe in his works. We have to read the materials without having previous attitudes towards the writer of the materials in order to be fair when we try to measure how far the writer reputation was messaged to us. There are also contemporary writers who used the character of Marlowe as a material for their literary works which needs to be read carefully so as not to misjudge him. Antony Burgess for example, used his character in his works justifying his homosexual affairs which should not be taken as an evidence for Marlowe's homosexuality but to be discussed as if it is just a view of an artist that may or may not be a fact.

Marlowe's life was very ambiguous that there are no records about it but the court records about the cases he was involved in. He had a short life but vivid enough to leave such inquiries in people's minds and souls. It was said he was a spy which left more mystery on his life. Some people thought he was a magician and a heretic who had strange affairs, his plays were also seen as if he was representing himself through his protagonists. People added too many details to the image of Marlowe to leave it hard to be interpreted as a true one or mythical. Dr. Faustus, the play he wrote in 1589 left impacts on readers and critics that Marlowe is Dr. Faustus and he had relations with devils yet these opinions are representing him as a myth or a legendary character which is of no evidence in fact. This leaves great impacts on the process of constructing a person's reputation specially if he was a playwright and a poet, people add their imaginary thoughts they might believe about the person so as to make him a legendary heroic character which may not be favorable for many people.

Atheist is the adjective many fellow writers gave to Marlowe's character in order to despise him and establish a negative reputation of his. Whether he was an atheist or a homosexual, Marlowe was a victim of hostile opinions against him. Authors who accused him of many bad things might have literary jealousy against him or over reactions to his against church attitudes which confirms the idea of competing reputation as authors tried to compete to get the best reputations which required not having rivals such as Marlowe.

Conclusion 

 It was seen that the reputation of someone specially those famous people needs lots of studying before judging those people. In the essay we tried to discuss how Christopher Marlowe's reputation affected him a lot in life and in death which was a strange case. The readers must be careful when discussing a material about Marlowe or a work of his so as not to be unfair in our judgment on someone's reputation.

BUSINESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Project management can be referred to as a process that involves many procedures of organizing, planning, analyzing, controlling and preparing different aspects and protocols of a problem that belongs to individuals or to companies in order to reach specific results set by certain goals. It is also an approach which depends on specific methodologies that work for planning the processes of a specific project from its beginning to its end according to main goals. (Nicholas and Steyn, 2008) There are stages that guide such processes of a project as initiation, setting a plan, execution stage, control stage and the closing stage. This can be applied to any type of different projects. Business project management can be defined as an approach that tends to adapt the processes involved in a business project on strategies and detail action plans that can achieve the business objectives. The project dealt with by the business project management criteria must carry change to the business organization and managing the business project must make use of the available opportunities and be matched with the business statutory requirements. (Nicholas and Steyn, 2008) A business project management must be based on strategic implication to bring the most competitive advantage business outcomes. Cost, time and quality are three main constraints included within any business project management as they are called the project management triangle. Cost management includes budgeting processes, making costs control, estimating costs and planning the budget according to the project needs. Time management is essential for making required analysis for the project as it includes all the needed processes for planning and executing the project stages which are to be timely completed. Time management includes scheduling the project according to deadlines, logic, demands of customers and execution of the project stages. Budgets need to be timely managed in order to avoid bloating of the project. Quality is the degree that requirements of the project need to be achieved at according to some certain required characteristics. Project quality management is the activities that a business organization sets for defining quality measurements, procedures and policies according to the project's needs. The three elements are correlated and connected with each other as they all affect each other. (Stojcetovic, 2014) Project life cycle framework is considered the process that the project depends on to coordinate the processes of the project life cycle as funding, acquisition and the process of developing the system. (Bestpractices.osi.ca.gov, 2014). 

References

1.    Bestpractices.osi.ca.gov, (2014). Best Practices: Project Life Cycle Framework - State of California. [online] Available at: http://www.bestpractices.osi.ca.gov/sysacq/projectlifecycle.shtml [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014].

2.    Nicholas, J. and Steyn, H. (2008). Project Management for Business, Engineering, and Technology: Principles and Practice. Elsevier.

3.    Stojcetovic, B. (2014). Project management: cost, time and quality. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/7051956/Project_management_cost_time_and_quality [Accessed 31 Dec. 2014].

Important Definitions for Nurses

1-Registered Nurse:

A nurse who is well and totally trained and having a certificate of competence such as a Bachelor of Nursing from a university and has the ability to communicate with people in her community in order to provide them with the needed healthcare.

2-Multidisciplinary Team(MDT)

A team of specialists in the healthcare field who work as one unit consisting of many members of professional skilled persons working in the medical field such as a physician, a nurse, a nurse manager, a social worker, a psychologist, a pharmacist and others in order to provide patient with the best care and treatment in order to improve patients' outcomes.

 3-Quality Assurance

It is a process that includes many procedures set with the purpose of reaching excellence in the care and services provided to the patients by training nurses to reach the highest standards of delivering quality patient care in addition to ensuring safety in the care environment.

 4-Care Plan

It is a plan that a nurse prepares for a patient, a family or a community and it outlines what nursing care is going to be provided and how through some organized actions to be implemented by a nurse in order to support the nursing diagnoses and it also helps a nurse when doing the evaluation process.

Nursing Management of Hypertension

Nurses have a great role in providing care for patients with hypertension in addition to the necessity of having the proper skills needed for this job. One of the cardiovascular disease common risk factors is hypertension and this makes it very important to give due care to hypertension diagnosis and this raises the importance of asking a skillful nurse by the patient so as to avoid high blood pressure measurements as blood pressure has to be well and accurately taken before doing any diagnosis and this must happen for three times at least. Each patient has his own blood pressure measurements which let the physician decide the proper treatment whether it was a pharmacological or a nonpharmacological one. A nurse's role here depends on providing the patient with the required support and education in addition to giving the patient advice regarding his or her blood pressure as this includes teaching the patients how to follow on a suitable diet in nutrition, guiding the patient towards doing the proper sport and how to be on the right weight. A skilled nurse also has to advise the patients not to smoke or drink alcohol.The nonpharmacological treatment stresses on physical activities and salt restriction which are two factors that could reduce high blood pressure in addition to stopping smoking. When the hypertension patient stops smoking, blood pressure may be high at sometimes but this risk is better than letting the patient have cardiovascular by smoking that's why it is important for a nurse to educate the hypertension patients how to quit smoking. Avoiding 'white-coatsyndrome is a main reason why a nurse should provide hypertension patients with utmost care that depends on blood pressure standardized measurement.

Nurses can work within a team in order to participate in hypertension care as this can include home visitations, interventions and follow up programs which increases the success of nursing interaction with patients as nurses' job is not only a coordinator into the team but also a nurse is a translator who can convey the messages of physicians to patients such as educating them how to follow a special diet and what suitable medications can be taken and explain too them the benefits of such medications.

Nursing care for hypertension patients includes many kinds of programs as a nurse can work by herself following a special program which is detailed with the necessity consultation of physicians when needed and this can be added to the nursing follow up visits which could be every three months and this technique enables the nurse to encourage the patients to change their lifestyles sooner and be responsible for their health and improvements.University courses are very important to be given to nurses who are prepared to work in hypertension care in order to enhance their professionalism in the nursing field and to be at a high standard of quality.

 Procedural techniques are important to be explained to such nurses who also should be educated how to communicate with the patients putting in their considerations the differences among their patients such as their cultural backgrounds, religions, educational level and the degree of the disorder.  

  

  

Nursing Care for Digestive and Gastrointestinal disorders

The (GI) tract has many abnormalities which can leave their effects on other organs of the body such as bleeding, inflammation, perforation, cancer and obstruction for example. The gastrointestinal tract can have circulatory disturbances and can get aged. The normal function of the GI can be affected by many factors which leave symptoms such as anxiety and stress. In some cases, there are born babies with GI tract malformations which are not very common and prematurity is not considered a main cause for them, they can be anywhere and ranging in severity as they could be minor or very serious. Treatment by surgical operations is an effective solution for them and there is a good chance that the baby could lead a normal life later and pass the normal development procedures like any other child but there are some GI tract malformations which leave serious outcomes on the child.  Nursing care for patients with GI tract problems is very important and each case needs special care, for example; patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders such as those having them in the mouth need high nursing care which includes a special nursing care plan as the disorder could include infection, inflammation and neoplastic lesions or Pathophysiology which could be caused by irritants or mechanical trauma or Manifestations as the patient suffers great pains. Collaborative care is highly needed in order to detect any problems through the intensive observation for the patient and there must be treatments that include mouth cleansing which are chosen according to each  case so as not to cause pain for the patients. The nursing care goal here is to reduce the patients feelings of pain, reduce the symptoms and insure that the patient is able to eat and swallow drinks easily and safely. A patient is asked by the nurse to stop smoking, stop eating spicy foods or drinking alcoholic substances. Straws using is effective when learnt by a skilled nurse.  

Preeclampsia

What is Preeclampsia?

Women in pregnancy are liable to be affected with many health diseases and there are conditions when complications occur and affect pregnant women. Preeclampsia is a very severe problem that affects pregnant women as it is a complication that happens to many pregnant women around the world. Many scientists and researcher have worked hard to know about its diagnosis, symptoms and treatment and they tried hard to reach a definition for it, it could be defined as a condition that affects women after their pregnancy with twenty weeks or six weeks after giving birth to the child and it is characterized by finding a hypertension and proteinuria. It does not have a clear known defined cause yet. It is also accompanied by high blood pressure and could lead to the death of the mother and the fetus.    

Diagnosis of Preeclampsia

When a case of hypertensive occurs to the pregnant mother associated with proteinuria and sometimes edema accompanies them then preeclampsia is medically diagnosed. Before pregnancy it is not a necessary to find high blood pressure in a woman who is affected with preeclampsia but during pregnancy a woman with preeclampsia usually has high blood pressure measures. When a urine sample of a pregnant woman which is a twenty four hour one, shows having protein milligrams that are about 300 or more so preeclampsia is diagnosed and if the amount of protein in the uria exceeds 5000 mg the case is considered severe and it is also severe when the blood pressure is more than 160/110mmHg. Eclampsia is one of the disease's complications if left without treatment.

Symptoms of Preeclampsia:

There are many probable symptoms for preeclampsia such as high blood pressure and proteinuria in some cases and in other cases the disease is not discovered till late stages of pregnancy which requires pregnant women to be cautious and monitor themselves well with following with a good care provider. Another sign of having preeclampsia is having severe edema on hands or face and also gaining weight rapidly can be a sign of having preeclampsia. Vomiting and nausea can also be monitored as signs of preeclampsia as well as some vision changes and some pains in different places of the body such as back pain or shoulders pain or headaches.  

Risk Factors for Development of Preeclampsia:

There are a big number of risk factors associating preeclampsia such as some risk factors which could be controlled as activity level, patient weight and diet but there are other risk factors which seem to be difficult to be controlled as renal disease,  insulin resistance, diabetes,  heart disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, vascular disease, previous preeclamptic pregnancies, autoimmune diseases and multiple pregnancies.  

How to Manage Your Business Human Resources

What is meant by human resources?

One important asset of any company or business is its human resources which is a term used to refer to the company's employees of all areas and from all levels, it means those people who work in a company and must be a strong resource for its profits, earnings, competitive advantage, high ranked levels of success and good reputation.

How to invest in human resources?

Investing in human resources is a very essential matter for any business that seeks success and have its own inspirations for coping with the biggest companies in the market, this means to look forward to having extra gained points and extra profits by working on promoting the human resources of the company and making them feel job satisfied, investing in human resources involving providing the company's employees with the salaries they deserve, motivation tools, job upgrading opportunities, training programs, any information required for improving their job performance and all comfortable luxuries such as food, drinks, suitable places to work in, breaks, plane tickets, vacancies, weekends, promotions and awards when doing special jobs in addition to providing them with chances to discuss their opinions regarding the work, listen to their suggestions, respect them and encouraging them to be creative by making work competitions. This leads the employees feel belonging to the company which reduces human resources turnovers and make the human resources a main part of the business as they get some of the extra profits they bring to the business. By doing this, the business is spending extra expenses on its human resources but at the same time the profits are rapidly increasing and the business could reach the required competitive advantage among other companies in the market.

Functions of the Human Resources Department

Any successful company has a special department for its human resources as there are many different functions performed by the human resources department of any business such as manpower planning, job analysis, job description, determining salaries, doing the recruitment and selecting tasks, doing the processes of performance appraisal, providing the company with training programs, motivating the employees, addressing employees' grievances, implementing new and most relevant organizational policies, managing the requests of employees, providing opinion reports and questionnaires for the employees to learn about their job satisfaction levels and their inspirations, monitoring and guiding employees to encourage them to do better in work, writing reports about the employees' performance and doing the dismissing tasks when necessary.