Employees turnover

Employees turnover is a great human resource problem that many business organizations suffer as it affects the organization's productivity and profitability due to the gap that occurs in the number and capacity of employees as any organization that exerted great efforts to train its employees and prepare them to be an asset of the organization suffers when these employees leave the organization to join another organization.

Employees turnover can be resulting from many reasons such as the employees desire of getting better jobs opportunity, their feeling of not being appreciated by the organization, lack of motivation or the employees who are not native may like to return to their home countries. Many organizations try to investigate the reasons behind employees' turnover and try to shed the light on specific reasons for it in order to try to put an end to that problem so they try to communicate with employees and try to realize their complaints about the work and what can be made to satisfy them. This can be effective and supportive for retaining employees as retaining employees can be achieved by searching for the reasons behind their turnover and then try to motivate them and engage them more to feel they are part of the business organization and then to encourage them to have better positions and better salaries within the organization. Ensuring a safe work environment can be a good solution for employees' turnover as the work environment may be poor and lack many important elements such as communication, cooperation, respect, support and encouragement. Asserting the need for innovation and creativity in the business organization can encourage employees to stay in it as they feel more promising future is waiting for them and that creativity can provide them with better opportunities in that organization. Another solution is nationalization of employees as, for example, many of the Arabian Gulf countries suffer high rates of employees turnover as many of those employees are not native ands decide to stay for a period of time in the Gulf organizations and then to return to their countries.

Employees' turnover can affect the business organization and lead to much loss in efforts and time exerted to train employees and prepare them for achieving the tasks of those retired employees or those who quit the job so there should be a deep study for the real reasons behind employees turnover and then to try to ensure employees' job satisfaction and raise their morale to be retained in the business organization.    

The impact of leadership styles on performance of human resources

Introduction

Many business organizations today focus on promoting its position in the market by improving the organizational performance through the improved performance of human resources and this can be well managed through the proper application of the different leadership styles and the right employing for each leadership style in the different organizational business situations. Leadership helps business organizations to be more profitable and productive as success levels depend on how leaders apply different leadership styles in addition to the resultant environment leaders create        

Different leadership styles

Transactional leadership

Many studies and researches that investigated the effect of leadership on employees' performance showed that there are certain leadership styles that can cause effective results with employees and raise or reduce the level of human resources performance; Flood et al, (2008) referred to the transactional leadership style and how it can improve the human resources performance as it is based upon the exchange model which focuses mainly on rewarding the good behaviors and actions of employees and punishing the wrong behaviors acted by employees or the employees with poor performance; it also focuses on the relational dimensions of the different leadership behaviors. Ling, Jen and Wang, (2010) discussed how human resources management strategies can identify the effect of leadership styles on the organizational performance and how leaders can choose the suitable leadership style to suit different organizational situations as charismatic leadership is that wise leadership that can employ the different leadership styles each in its position.                               

Transformational leadership

According to Saleem, (2015); transformational leadership is said to leave a great impact on attitudes of employees within the organization and it is usually preferred in many job situations rather than transactional leadership, it is associated with high employees' performance due to the amount of freedom and communication it ensures for human resources via leaders who are able to build a successful leader follower relationship that ensures a deep understanding for employees' needs by their leaders who are able to raise employees' morale and make them job satisfied. Bass and Riggio, (2006) also discussed the positive impact transformational leadership leaves on the performance of the company's human resources and referred to the different techniques used by a transformational leader to raise the employees morale in order to get better performance such as rewards, recognition, engaging employees in decision making processes and ensuring their rights in promotion and taking leadership roles. This was confirmed by Avolio and Yammarino, (2013) who reported that many business organizations try to apply transformational leadership to apply changes, reach competitive advantage and push their human resources towards high working performance.    

 

Environmental Analysis and the Role of SMEs

Launching small business is really an interesting matter for new businessmen who invest in the market. Such new investors as Ahmed have to learn about everything concerning the business he is going to open such as in which environment the business is going to be done. Small businesses' environment is what is going to be discussed and analyzed here referring to Kuwait as an example. STEEP analysis will be presented in this essay in addition to discussing entrepreneurship and small business benefits.

Question one (350 words, 35 marks)

Ahmed wanted to know more about environmental factors that affect business organization.   In this context,

Explain STEEP analysis and discuss the importance of analysing environmental factors (STEEP) for an organization.  Provide examples to support your answer.  (35 marks)

There are many tools for analyzing business external environment such as STEEP analysis which is used to address issues of factors that affect the small business in any country such as Technological factors, Sociological Factors, Environmental Factors, Economic factors and Political factors as Ahmed will use it to help him with his business. In Kuwait, Technological factors can represent the factors that have relations with modern technologies and updates programs of the internet and other tools of communication. The  revolutionary movement of technology in Kuwait can be seen in companies as Fast Telecom and Quality net that provide services of communication and internet widely and strongly. Companies as Zain and Wataniya are representing great communication services which enables small investors to communicate easily with any one around the world to make their business easier and more flexible. In Kuwait it is important for any business to look into sociological factors as work sorts, culture, language, religion, population and Arabic traditions of Kuwaiti population who is esteemed to be 3 millions in 2013. As environmental factors in Kuwait are reflected on stakeholders who are attracted to a business environment without any negative effects, this can be seen through Kuwait legislations, employees, pressure groups and customers. It is seen that Kuwait laws encourage small business and provide them with all investing chances as it is believed in Kuwait that small business supports the general business atmosphere. In Kuwait, economic factors reflects the all stable economy and the economical state that helps investors of small businesses work with eagerness and ambitious as with its Kuwaiti Dinar as a strong currency with its exchange rates that are always high everywhere worldwide. This also means that inflation rates off KD are low as according to 2013 statistics, they were 28% with a$165.8 billion as Kuwait GDP. (CIA Factbook Kuwait, 2014) Political factors in Kuwait reflect the Kuwait government policy of not forcing businessmen and investors to pay taxes which assist small investors who always worry of taxes in addition to the government tendency of supporting infrastructures projects and educational ones which provides a suitable climate for small investors to work freely.  

Question two (350 words, 35 marks)

Ahmed wants to start a small business initially and wants to expand it later.  In light of this statement:

Discuss briefly the benefits of small business and outline its role in general for the growth and development of a nation.  Support your answer with relevant examples. (35 marks)

To launch a small business is a matter that has many benefits such as providing chances of working in new job opportunities and helping in employing many persons who are in need for work as, for example, a business that depends on retailing will provide job opportunities for distributors, drivers for delivery, sales assistants, call center and many other jobs according to each business. This helps decrease and end unemployment rates in the country which promotes it as a whole nation. Small businesses also widen the range of services in the market as large companies may not save such simple services for customers. Due to the knowledge a small business has about areas it covers, each customer in the limited are will be thought of as a customer to whom good services is provided. Another benefit of small businesses is the innovation techniques they follow as bureaucracy has no place here which gives small businesses owners the chance to control the business freely, provide a variety of different activities and change functions easily according to what customers really need. Small businesses costs as not as high as the big businesses costs. Small businesses also share in developing the country and raise its growth rates. The country local infrastructure is also supported by the help of small businesses through attracting great investments depending on the trading movement that small businesses do. A small business provides a variety of available goods and needs of customers that can not be found in big businesses which makes the domestic product a unique one. Many great companies began as small ones such as Apple Company for computers and iPhones as this great company had a small and a simple start as Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak began their business when they were university students by designing devices that can log on the call computers then began to sell such devices forming their company which now is one of the greatest businesses in the world. In spite of the limited resources they had, their love for technology and business enabled them to produce more devices as microcomputers and chips and others. They succeeded and achieved what they aspired for and more.  (Apple Investor Relations FAQ, 2014)

Question three (300 words, 30 marks)

Ahmed has been reading widely about the success stories of entrepreneurs.  He is interested to know the entrepreneurial qualities and traits thoroughly. In this context:

Define Entrepreneurship and explain briefly some the entrepreneurial qualities and traits with examples that Ahmed should have to get success in his ventures.  (30 marks)

The entrepreneurship refers to the work that entrepreneurs do of activities that launch new products, new services, new fields of business and also open new markets as well by using new and developed techniques of operate the business processes. Entrepreneurship has both traits and qualities such as performing the business in a very free method, achieving the business with large money amounts, achieving great success results due to getting into risks which are studied and meant to reach unexpected success, having no boss over the entrepreneurs which enables him to take decisions freely and be more respected by others and to control the business human resources well and properly by good leadership techniques and motivation tools which helps the business to succeed in addition to the ability of an entrepreneur to apply new innovation ideas and methods which raises the level of the business performance. Challenges that an entrepreneur faces enable him to work harder to raise the business level of competitive advantage in the market. (Long, 2014) In Kuwait, Lulu hypermarket is a big entrepreneur and a big business as his owner use risky techniques and ways for doing ideas that are innovated and updated as the business is decided to open new branches in KSA and other different Arab countries in addition to the branches opened already in some Arab countries as Qatar to present the different variety of products that come from everywhere around the world specially from India and Malaysia. The business is recruiting many human resources from salesmen, distributors, security, accountants and others who are being lead by strong and successful professional managers to provide the good team work that serves customers properly. The business is being widen and is receiving success from all people scales in Kuwait from all nationalities.

Conclusion

Kuwait represents a very good environment for launching a new small business such as Ahmed's experience as there are many factors that supports this idea including the government helpful attitudes, the people nature that loves shopping and making business, the political state, stability of its currency and other factors above mentioned. Entrepreneurship  provides many great opportunities for business success as being presented in this essay.

 References 

• "Apple Investor Relations FAQ". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 27 -10-2014.
• CIA Factbook Kuwait, 2014, at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ku.html, passed: 2014-10-27
• Long, 2014. 8 Entrepreneurial Qualities That Contribute to Success. http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/234583

Analyzing texts linguistically

Introduction

There are many relations between texts meanings such as the experiential meanings that could be understood by being analyzed which provides a chance to learn about grammar choices and how they are related to the interpretive view of a text. All texts can be liable to such kinds of analysis such as comparing two texts discussing one topic in a different way which shows the differences in forming both texts, the way the theme is presented and evaluated and the author point of view. This assignment is discussing how texts can be analyzed and this is through providing an analysis for two different texts discussing the same topic and showing the differences between them both. 

Body

Task 1: The two texts were selected and approved.

Task 2 (analyzing experiential meanings)

Text1

Bickering over Brazil

Despite the efforts by Brazil’s ruling Workers Party to keep their plans for the future of Latin America’s largest and most populous country under wraps, the party’s weaknesses have not escaped the vigilant eyes of its rivals,/1 among them AécioNeves and his Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and environmentalist Marina Silva and her Brazilian Socialist Party,/2

If the decision to throw in the towel was an onerous one for the PSDB, even more difficult was working out a way to woo Silva’s Socialist Party supporters./3

Brazilian President DilmaRousseff, 66, whose Workers Party has run Brazil since 2003,/4 won 41.59 per cent of the vote in the first-round poll on 5 October, or not quite enough to beat outright the PSDB’s Neves, the darling of big business in Brazil./5 The latter has signalled that he will promulgate pro-business laws and put in place policies aimed at buoying up the faltering Brazilian economy should he be elected, thereby wooing the country’s business community/6.

“The truth is that Brazilians are far more concerned with the monsters of the present: high inflation, recession and corruption,” Neves said in criticisms of Rousseff and her Workers Party./7 Rousseff retorted that the business-friendly candidate would not necessarily be the winner in the tight presidential race. /8“Investors don’t win elections in Brazil. /9

http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/7547/19/Bickering-over-Brazil.aspx

Text 2

DilmaRousseff has won the election. But she has some serious problems to address

When President DilmaRousseff stood on a podium in a hotel in Brasilia on Sunday night to celebrate the narrowest of victories over her Brazilian Social Democracy Party opponent, 1/ AécioNeves, the first thing she did was thank her Workers' Party predecessor, LuizInácio Lula da Silva – popularly known as Lula.2/ She even called him “president.”3/ (If, as is now being suggested, Lula decides to run for a third term in 2018, he would probably win in a landslide.4/

Then, lengthy salutations dealt with, she called for unity. “I urge, without exception, all Brazilians to unite in favor of the future of our country,” she said.5/

Exposing the economic, racial and class-based fault lines that divide Brazil, much as everyone would prefer to admit they don’t,6/ and helped Rousseff win this election.7/

She could begin her "reunification" process by admitting that the huge social and economic advances Brazil has enjoyed under Rousseff and,8/ more significantly, under Lula owe something to the economic reforms introduced by Lula’s predecessor, Fernando Henrique Cardoso9/ – known as FHC — of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party. 10/These stabilized the economy and allowed the country to grow.11/ Then the two sides could admit that both their parties have done good for the country.12/

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/10/27/dilma-rousseff-has-won-the-election-but-she-has-some-serious-problems-to-address/

The first text written in AlAhram newspaper consists of 9 clauses including 214 words and these clauses have top levels ones such as clause 1:" Despite the efforts by Brazil's ruling workers party……………., the party's weakness..", clause 3: " If the decision………………….., even more difficult…", clause 4 "Brazilian president …., whose workers party…", clause6 and clause 7:" The truth is that………..". There are also embedded clauses such as clause 2 :"Among them………..", clause 5 :" the darling of big business……", clause 8: " Rousseff retorted that………" and clause 9:" investors don't win ………". The top- level clauses provide basic information while the embedded ones add extra additional information. The proportion of top level clauses to embedded ones is 55,6% to 44,4%. There are different processes and each one has its functional type, for example, clause 1 works as an agent that provides stated materialistic ideas to the readers showing that the ruling workers party is a weak one which is criticized by its rivals. Some embedded clauses added information such as clause 5 referring to PSDB'S Neves as the darling of big business in Brazil. Some clauses were just copied by the tongue of those who said them without any hints by the author such as clause 9 which provides an opinion said by Rousseff. Embedded clauses are also relational ones as they are well connected with the top-levels clauses to provide more explanations for them. The grammar of the first text is used to show the workers party of Brazil as having a weak agency against the rival participants, present perfect was first used in clause1 "have not escaped". If the conditional was used in clause 3 to tell that it is difficult for the party to woo the supporters of the socialist party, the pronoun "he" was used in clause 6 two times to support its agency role. Passive was used with should to support the idea.

The second text written in Washington post is consisting of 203

Words are divided into 12 clauses among top-level ones and embedded ones. Top-level clauses can be clause 1 :" When president DilmaRousseff stood…………", clause 4: " If, as is now being suggested……….", clause 5 "I urge, without exception,…………..", clause 6 :" exposing the economic…………." , clause 8:" She could begin her………………….", clause 11:" these stabilized the economy…………" and clause 12 :" then the two sides could admit……………". Embedded clauses are clause 2:" AécioNeves, the first thing she did was thank………." clause3:" she even called………" clause7:" and helped ………"clause 9:" more significantly………." and clause 10:" known as FHC- ………."  The top level clauses state facts and basic important information for readers while embedded ones provide opinions of the authors or additional information that could make the readers more aware with the theme dimensions. The texts clauses have their main functions and processes that are materialistic DilmaRousseff as a president for Brazil. Clause 2 is a relational one which gives the reader more information about the predecessor of the workers party. The third clause is a verbal one referring to how DilmaRoussef called Lula. There are more verbal processes such as in clauses 5 which is telling words said by DilmaRoussef. The proportion of top-level clauses against embedded ones is 58,3% to 41,7%. The grammar is used to show neutral presentation of the president of Brazil DilmaRousseff as the author used past simple tense to tell real events such as in clause1 and 2 stating how the president acted and where, the pronoun "she" was used more than one time in the text to assert her strong agency and her participant role as a president. Both parties and presidents were equally presented and referred to as they were referred to with words as "the two sides", " both" "their"  with a use of the present perfect to assert the current effects the country is enjoying. (Matrix, 2014)

(Arab Open University, Book 3 (Getting Practical: Evaluating everyday texts; Unit 13.)

Information	Text1	Text2
Number of words	214	203
Number of Clauses	9	12
Number of Top-level clauses	5	7
Number of embedded clauses	4	5
Proportions of top level clauses to embedded ones	55,6% to 44,4%	58,3% to 41,7%

Table1

Task 3 (comparison of the 2 articles)

The two texts if compared to each other, they both discussing the same topic which is Brazil ruling by the worker party president against its rivals from other parties and Dilma Rousseff role in being a president of Brazil. Yet each text was written to address specific audience and there are differences between them in many points. The first text was written to address Arab audience. The title of the first text tells preset determining opinions as it says:" Bickering over Brazil" which gives the reader a feeling of suspense which is a feature needed by Arab authors to attract the Arabic audience whose interests need to be aroused to be eager to read. The text tendency and affectedness seem to be figuring the worker party and its president to be weak side against its rivals which provides the Arabic reader who may not be well acquainted with the roots the author's attitude which is purely presented to the reader as a way of facts. The participants' nature is shown to be non-human as referring to them in most times as parties which is clear in the little use of pronouns. The two rivals are presented in a relation of hostility which may not be true in fact as the Arabic writer nature tends to exaggerate a little in motions and feelings as well as the Arabic audience who is reading the article as this clear in sentences as: "have not escaped the vigilant eyes of its rivals". Using the present perfect tense shows that events are recent enough to refer to current problems in Brazil. The verbal use was too much as there were many words by its sayers to tell specific meanings but little explanations were presented by the writer which reflects little background of him. Dilma Rousseff was almost presented as a sayer. Her role was also agentless passive and not a major actor. The second text if compared to the first one is also discussing the same topic of rivals of the president place in Brazil but in a less stressed voice which reflects the western nature of the author and this also is clear from the title which is not interesting or attracting as it states facts as it says:" DilmaRousseff has won the election. But she has some serious problems to address." Which could be strange if found in a newspaper that addressing Arabic audiences as western audiences are not in need to be greatly aroused, a western reader goes to the news and looks for what he or she needs to read. The participants' nature is presented as human as the author referred to the characters as their personal identities with pronouns as "she", "her" and "they" that is mainly because the author is near to such characters from media and real meetings. The writer used neutral text tendency and affectedness as his own opinions were not directly mentioned and he did not seem to be in favor of a specific party as the roles of the participants were equally presented which was clear in sentences stating his own suggestions based on facts regarding the country such as: " These stabilized the economy and allowed the country to grow." Then the two sides could admit that both their parties have done good for the country." This was because the author's presentation for his views was neutral enough without any exaggerations in feelings or emotions as a normal nature of a western writer addressing a western audience with the same nature when receiving news. Affectedness is used by making only suggestions but without normalizations which reflects a deeper analysis for the problem by the author who seems to be having a deeper knowledge background than the author of the first text. The author set clear goals for writing his article such as giving the audience a chance to judge the current situation of both presidents despite showing his own point of view which is also clear and well stated without any exaggerations. (Goshen College, 2014)

(Arab Open University, Book 3 (Getting Practical: Evaluating everyday texts; Unit 13.)

Conclusion

The text analysis helps how to understand the reasons behind writing a text and choosing a specific theme to discuss and this depends on many measurements regarding experiential meanings and grammar use. This assignment was discussing and analyzing two texts discussing the same topic from different magazines that addressing different audiences which showed how the two texts differed grammatically and in their tendencies and effectiveness. 

References

• Arab Open University, Book 3 (Getting Practical: Evaluating everyday texts; Unit 13.
• Goshen College, 2014. Literary Analysis Guide https://www.goshen.edu/academics/english/literary-analysis-guide/
• Matrix, 2014. Literary Techniques: Techniques for Analysing a Written Text. https://www.matrix.edu.au/literary-techniques-techniques-for-analysing-a-written-text/

Recognition and rewarding as motivation tools

Recognition of employees is very important to motivate them as recognition means to distinguish and identify those whose work is apparent and creative within the business organization and declaring their role within the organization to all who can respect their work and in turn imitate them. Recognition is a good and effective way of motivating employees because it depends on raising the employees' morale and encouraging them to do more good works that help them be soon motivated and promoted to higher positions in the organization. Recognition is also effective best with employees who need to be appreciated with non monetary methods of motivation as this can be by celebrating them in a public party for the employee of the month for example or in a meeting. 

Rewarding employees is another technique used for motivating them and it is important to make employees satisfied and having a high job morale and self confidence which raises their desire in staying in the business organization and this means to use rewards and a means for retaining employees and stop their turnover to other organization, this can help the organization reach competitive advantage easily because it enables it to have special talented employees who are feeling high belonging to the organization and enjoying many advantages inside it. Rewards can be monetary and non monetary as it can be through money grants or a celebration and this makes employees more job satisfied and more retained to the organization. 

Rewards and recognition as tools for motivation are used to make the business organization able to achieve its organizational goals easily by a group of talented employees who can feel belonging to the organization and can provide it with the best they can do. 

Sensors and Transducers

Introduction

Many different applications of today use sensors widely as the sensor technology has become very essential for many instances as this occurred due to the existence of a wide range of companies that use sensors in their products and applications related to improve these products. Oman is a country where people like to cope with the latest technologies of mobile phones and internet. Omani people of today prefer the i- phone applications as they contain high efficient sensors and other applications. Intelligent manufacturing processing uses sensors to provide benefits to its users. Some safety devices use sensors in safety insurance matters and in monitoring systems. The current research is discussing a sensors application used by many people today which is i-phone 4 with its sensors. Apple iphone 4 has many sensors such as a compass, a proximity sensor, an accelerometer and an ambient light sensor and others. The current research is discussing proximity sensors within the iphone 4 as they give the mobile phones the ability to perform recognition forms that are within the user interface. The user can hold the phone and put it near the face to speak then the proximity sensor recognizes if it is the speaker. The jobs of keys and touch screen are disabled to stop not needed touches.

The physical construction of the proximity sensor, its characteristics and working principle of i-phone 4

1. Physical construction

Proximity sensors of the mobile phones are capacitive sensors that are able to detect both metal and nonmetal things and they are  generally constructed of capacitive proximity sensor are plate, output circuit, oscillator and a threshold detector. When the person comes near the field of the sensor, it works to stop the works of the touch screen. Capacitance is raised when the object comes close and it is reduced when the object goes away.

2. Characteristics

A proximity sensor is characterized with its ability to recognize the existence of an object within a certain detection range which is specified according to the device abilities and the sensor boundaries, the sensor can recognize the person when the mobile phone is near his ear or face with certain distance, then the sensor can stop the work of keys of the mobile phone and other touching screen jobs in order to prevent turning the keys off or doing any unwanted actions that occur by touch. Proximity sensors include many types of sensors such as those found in mobile phones especially smart phones such as iphone 4. It depends on the physical contact in its operation. Manufacturers use proximity sensors in a commercial purpose which is raising the efficiency of the smart phone to attract more customers to buy it.

3. Working principle

The principle that proximity sensors work according to is its emitting for a beam or an electromagnetic radiation which is usually infrared, then the sensor works to detect the existence of changes in the field and if it doesn't find, the signal is returned by it. When the object is found, the sensor begins its operation. The found thing is called the proximity sensor's target.  There is a specific distance where the sensor can detect humans or things and it has a maximum known as the nominal range. There are sensors that are adjusted to the nominal range by a certain distance for detection. As proximity sensors don't have mechanical parts or physical contact with the sensed object, they are able to last for long time working properly. 

Result

A proximity sensor is a type of sensors that can be found in applications such as iphone 4 and it is using a detection process for objects or human found within the detection field and within the sensor's boundaries. The proximity sensor is based on the non contact detection which is different from other sensors. It can be helpful when the users of the iphone are talking and they don't fear the work of the touch screen such as turning the phone off or doing any relevant actions. Proximity sensors are accurate in detection jobs and they add extra commercial values to the product they are added to. The only disadvantage they have is the limited area of detection they sense. Proximity sensors are important for mobile phones manufacturers who consider them very important applications as many users of iphone look for such application so it is considered a commercial and an industrial success. 

Analysis and Discussion

A sensor is a device which works by receiving signals and sending certain signals which are used to express the needed task such as light, voice, sounds or motion. The sensor's job is turning the signal to a digital representation or to analog that represents the output. There are many different conditions that sensors work according to the specific job they are assigned to. Proximity sensors are set mainly for detection purposes. They work to convert the signals into readable outputs. The proximity sensors are not including mechanical parts or missions as they only use signals.

The type of sensors used to enhance the efficiency of iphone 4 is the capacitive sensors as they can detect both metallic and non metallic objects. This means that any smart phone can bear the capability of having a proximity sensor. Targeting motions is meant to be the basis of using this sensor in mobile phones.

The sensitivity of the capacitive proximity sensor and the application uses it can be measured by a method prepared mainly for this purpose, the application is iphone4. For tuning sensor placement, 2D sensor data plots were used and found more accurate but a 3D sensor data plots were found to be more effective for comparing sensors according to their efficiency and intensity as the differences between sensors used by many applications are shown and declared. Sensitivity measurements are important to measure the level of performance of the sensors. The phone is used by the users holding it with many possible ways and the sensor can work when the user is talking or browsing tasks. The sensor is physical sensitive and working in electric fields. Many modifications can be made for sensors of the mobile phones as most people look for new versions and updates of the iphone they have and issuing a new update of the mobile phone means that there is an improvement in the sensor applications. Thermal stress analysis can be done for other types of proximity sensors such as the inductive proximity sensors. Element analysis also can be made by the finite element method.

Conclusion and Future Work

In conclusion, it is important to report that sensors are widely used in many applications of computers and mobile phones especially those smart phones such as iphone4 which uses sensors for doing many tasks in the mobile that raise its efficiency and meets the needs of the customers. Proximity sensors are sensors that use signals in a way that is meant to detect the face of people talking or browsing the iphone 4 application screen in order to stop the touch screen work until the person goes away as the sensors send the signals and the function of the touch screen is delayed. Sensors are considered a commercial helping factor that manufacturers focus on in order to use them in new innovated applications that are helpful to the person and the society and provides welfare and luxury options in mobile phones. More future work is needed to enrich the literature review about this topic which is sensors and this future work can mainly depend on researches, questionnaires, surveys and discussions with the customers in order to measure their satisfaction with the application. Sensors have a long time validity but they soon can be updated to new versions which can be able to extend the field where detection process is occurring. More modifications can be added to the device in order to enhance its capabilities and raise its efficiency and abilities of performing the jobs required to be done by him. More studies will also be helpful in the field of sensors. Many researches should be conducted with different ways of analyzing the data collected about the use of inductive proximity sensors.

Muhamed Anwar Asaddat Reputation

Introduction

Research famous people's life and legacy is a very important matter which is directly related with reputation. Reputation detecting is a matter that requires special skills such as finding evidences on what is known as a person's reputation. Politics is a very important field that includes many famous characters whose reputation and news are of great importance to the public locally and globally, the acts they do during their life and the period they engaged in politics affect their reputation as well as talks about them by public people or by critics or political historians. In this essay, the reputation of a famous Arab leader and a peacemaker Egyptian president Muhamed Anwar Al Sadat is going to be discussed so as to know things about his life, the period when he ruled Egypt, 73 war, peace with Israel, his relation with Islamists and his death killed.

Body

Muhammed Anwar Al Sadat was born in 1913 and died in 198. He was the president of Egypt since 1970-1981.His death added too much to his reputation as he was killed when he was attending a military review on the remembrance of the 73 victories. His early life was a simple life of a villager who was greatly affected by many political figures such as Kamal Ataturk and Adolf Hitler and others. He ruled Egypt in a difficult time after Nasser in 1970 but he had a different policy from that of Nasser. He was a good leader during the period who ruled Egypt and proved his abilities to lead a great war and to held peace agreements as Camp David peace agreement with Israel in 1978. He received the Nobel prize for peace as a reward for this act. All these acts affected his reputation in his country, in the Arab world and internationally with supporting voices and opponent ones which were both extreme. This peace strengthened his relationships with the west and he began to apply a policy of encouraging business, importing and exporting which helped the economical situation in Egypt but at the same time aroused the anger and opposition of other groups such as fundamentalist Muslim groups and other Nasser supporters to the extent that some people accused him of betraying the country by peace with Israel. Assassins belonging to Muslim groups ended his life in public in 1981 which was a dramatic end for a man who was considered by many people as a leader and a peacemaker or by others as a businessman. (Alagna, 2004)

Historical interpretations differed regarding Sadat as he was a character that caused many arguments in the politics field and among the public. His decision to begin a war against Israel was interpreted by many people and historians as some saw that he was just pretending to be strong and others saw that he was right. Benny Morris, for example who is an Israeli historian thinks Sadat was a gambler and the peace agreement caused the Arab world to be loose and to lose its unity. He thinks that 1973 was a victory for Israel. (Farouky, 2008) This view was adopted by some Arabs and Egyptians who saw the war and the agreement were as a trap for all Arabs. Yet this historical event can be interpreted as bravery, peace initiation and a good step towards Egypt prosperity. Many Arab historians see him as a man of war and peace and others see him as a man who wants to bring wealth easily and quickly and this made him to let down basics of policy with Israel and that Camp David was a great disaster on Egypt. His relations with the United States of America and the business deals he held with it aroused many arguments and different interpretations about him as some thought him a dare man with an ideology and others thought him a conceited and a fame lover and he will be the reason for naturalization relationships with Israel and America which will retard the Arab nation generally and Egypt specifically. (Alagna, 2004)

Such historical interpretations must not be launched without evidences and such evidences should be well understood and discussed. Sadat's policy is obviously against that of Nasser, the victory of 73 was a good work but why he stopped? This is a question raised by many historians and the Arab poets and writers to the extent that made a poet like Amal Donkol  write a very famous poem asking him not to make the treaty with Israel. It is real that Arab OPEC countries got great benefits from the agreement and trade became better in the Arab world and economic aids for Egypt by USA was helpful at the time of the economic crisis in 1970s but today Egyptian sees American aids as obstacles in the way of their freedom and political stability. In 1981 Sadat began to arrest his opponents which was evidence on his failure with his people and this was accompanied with retarded economic state. Communists voices as well as Islamists voices caused people to make some kind of a revolution on the president. This situation proved the president failure and lead him to his dramatic end which was not very sympathized by Egyptians, the way he was killed in the parade caused many argued voices against him to assure that he was wrong in his encouraging for Islamists and his contradictory in making peace with Israel. ( World Africa, 2012)

Sadat was considered for many people and historians in East and West as a myth because he was presented the impossible dream of peace with Israel which itself was not true but a myth in their points of view. A great Egyptian poltical historian, Moussa Sabri commented in his book, "Sadat the Truth and the Myth" on how was this man presenting true victory for Arabs with myths of peace and prosperity. He sees Sadat as a man of war and peace who brought Sinai back at a very difficult time but the book at the same time refers to his perplexed soul affected by Hitler and this turned him to a myth which increased his dreams and that peace was not a try to humiliate Arabs but a real try to get a better world. Sadat's myth is considered to be his imaginatory sol that was may be over ambitious. His wife Jehan Alsadat stated that Nasser's myth affected him passively in his first years of ruling Egypt which perhaps lead him to try to achieve great things for Egypt, he really did and at the same time he could not achieve the Nasser's myth at his people but his efforts can never be denied. Perhaps his tendency to make relationships with the West and Israel were the main factors to make him seen as a man who wanted to be a myth as such relations were considered a kind of imagination but people who understood him learned exactly what he wanted. (Ezzat, 2011)  

After Nasser, came Sadat to be the president that people waited many things to be done from him not only in Egypt but in the whole Arab world, calling him a myth requires to be evidenced whether this was in his favor or against him. His great power that cold be the reason to make him a myth was his insisting on altering Nasser's policy to a more open one. The criticism he faced was so much for an ordinary man to bear but he found a good place for himself in history as he got the Nobel Prize, was the man of peace and war at the same time, his outer looking gave him a more mythology appearance with his pipe, black color as Egyptian, Arabs and even the West saw him as the Pharaonic God or leader who will do great achievements and bring virtue and wealth to Egypt. Evidences show that he tried hard to do this and added too much to the Arab culture with a distinguished peaceful legacy that no one had. His myth character was affirmed after his death and the way he was killed with was not helpful in increasing the myth about him, the killer was known, arrested and the reason was also known.(Kessler and MingJi, 2009) 

Conclusion

Mohamed Anwar A l Sadat reputation was discussed in this essay as he was known for being Egypt president in the most difficult period of 73 war and he was having a good reputation as a leader, a man of peace and war and a character that had a charisma that all people admired or argued. Reputation of Sadat was constructed according to his activities during the period of ruling Egypt, bringing victory and holding the Camp David agreement with Israel which reduced his Arabic popularity and added passive impressions on his reputation. Sadat reputation was also constructed according to his relationships with Islamists and Muslim fundamentalists who ended his life although he supported tem at many times of his life. In spite of all argued opinions with or against the Egyptian president Sadat, he left a rich legacy still argued till today. 

References

• Alagna, 2004, Mgdalena, Anwar Sadat, The Rosen Publishing Group.
• Farouky, 2008, Saeed, Taji, Israeli historian on Sadat's gamble. http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/arabunity/2008/03/20085251905215537.html
• World Africa, 2012. Anwar Sadat, the foe of Arabs and the USSR

http://english.pravda.ru/world/africa/11-10-2012/122420-anwar_sadat-0/

• Ezzat, 2011, Dina, Sadat Contested Legacy.

http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/23503/Egypt/Politics-/Sadats-contested-legacy.aspx

• Kessler, E. H, MingJi, Wong, 2009. Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership. Cultural Mythology and Global Leadership