The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a popular novel that is relevant to today's readers

Outline

Background

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a story about a rabbit who doesn't obey his mother and make adventures in the garden where his father was killed once but he comes back home to be punished by mother with staying in bed.

Thesis Statement

Peter Rabbit makes free adventures in Mr. McGregor's garden although his mother warned him from going there but he comes safely at last to his home.

Topic sentence 1

-Characterization of animals is successful to suit the past and current age today.

-Childhood is presented in the story in many ways such as freedom and rebellion activities.

Topic sentence 2

-Adventure is presented through Peter and risks he takes.

-Gender role is shown in clothes and limitations of freedom and to Victorian and today's reader.

Topic sentence 3

- Can the book be a teaching material.

-Lessons learned and messages the author wants to send to readers.

Conclusion

Peter Rabbit gets into many adventures in Mr. McGregor's garden but the end presents his coming home safely. I think the story can be a good lesson for children of today too.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a clear example of a pictured children book that represents a moral message in a form of words and pictures through the characters of Peter rabbit and his family members to show childhood in the Victorian society that can be suitable for today's world too. 

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a popular novel that is relevant to today's readers as it is a story of family and the Peter rabbit is not different from any child of today's world who wishes to discover forbidden things, he has feelings of fear and needs the caring of his mother. It bears lessons mothers of today can learn such as how parents can engage and understand their children and their needs and ways of handling their desires and wishes in order to control them and guide them to the right behaviors.

Body

The story of Peter, his sisters, animals he met during his adventure and his mother sheds the light on the childhood life through animal characterization as Potter presents readers who are mainly five years children with the main character that is Peter the rabbit, a rebellion who likes adventures in spite of the mother's warnings, the author tries to make Peter near humans making the rabbit wearing shoes, blue jacket and walking straight up on the hind legs. This makes the characterization of the animals clear in eyes of children who read. Childhood is presented by the author through many ways such as mother's warning to the rabbits: "You may go into the fields or down the lane, but don't go into Mr. McGregor's garden, your father had an accident there." Mothers usually warn children who should obey but the nature of male child that he seeks adventure that's why Peter visited the garden of McGregor, his behaviors there show how far childhood is characterized, he ate too much till he became sick, ran from the man, jumped into a can and did many risky but interesting things all children will wish to do. The Victorians considered childhood a separated stage of life from that of adults but the child should also obeys orders and guides or many troubles will be faced by them away from parents. (Ryan et al, 2007)

Adventure in the book was supported by pictures that open the imagination of the reader and add much colorful imaging to the adventures of Peter, the author has also portrayed different incidents in the book to make suspense and attraction to the story that the reader wants to learn more about what is going to happen and how the rabbit will act and what harm may occur to him at the end. The language used was suitable to reflect the different adventures Peter went into such as: "Peter ran straight away to Mr. McGregor's garden", "whom should he meet but Mr. McGregor!", Peter was most dreadfully frightened.", he had forgotten the way back to the gate.", shed big tears." and wriggled out just in time. He here tries to raise the attention of the readers and gets them into the adventures. The gender role in the story is clear as Peter clothes were different from clothes of the sisters colored reddish while Peter's clothes were blue, sisters were obedient while Peter was not and this makes it clear that the author wants to focus on the difference in gender and their relation to the adventures each sex has or should have. (Guijarro, 2010)

Although the Victorian considered the childhood a separated phase of life that a child should encounter certain morals and lessons to learn, this doesn't contradict with today's morals as parents of today always fear that their children may lose childhood and its morals which makes them interested in a story such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit and the lessons and morals it includes. Children of today yet has much knowledge and openness to the world than the Victorian child had which makes parents seek old texts such as the current one so that they may find imaginary world children can learn lessons from. The character of Peter is presented by a large amount of courage, risky attitude and love for adventure which makes it suitable to the children of today and makes them love to have adventures such as those ones who had especially that he wasn't defeated at last by the outer world he entered in spite of warnings. The end also can be satisfying for children of today as the mother's punishment wasn't hard and Peter only lost a nice dinner meal his sister enjoyed: "I'm sorry to say that Peter wasn't very well during the evening.", "But Flopsy, Mopsy and Cotton-tail had bread, milk and blackberries for supper.".  (Chozick, 2012)

The book can be used as a teaching material for children under the age of six because it is well illustrated with pictures drawn in a high artistic way and its language simple and thorough at the same time. The story itself can be a good source material for classroom activities such as role play and acting scenes due to the richness of events and the number of many characters the story has such as the character of Mr. McGregor, the mouse, the sparrows, sisters and the mother and Peter the rabbit. The author tried to send some messages to both children and parents who are both supposed to be readers for the book. Among those messages are the difference of freedom given to children based on their sex as male are really different from females in nature although the life of today reduced the differences between make and females even children but parents should take care of this issue and give it much care. Another lesson is that children can take risks and do adventures but they have to learn that passive results and outcomes may occur as although Peter wasn't caught by Mr. McGregor, his father was caught once and made a pie for the family of McGregor. Lessons can also include cooperation and helping others represented in the acts of the mouse and the sparrow. An important feature the author yet didn't focus on and parents should is stealing because Peter shouldn't have stolen vegetables from Mr. McGregor's garden. (Winckelmann, 2012 )

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to refer that The Tale of Peter Rabbit can be a story for all ages because the author has presented a character that is rebellion enough to suit all ages and the story is illustrated with pictures which makes it a teaching book that is interesting for all children. Childhood and adventure are presented in the story to give certain lessons related to difference between males and females and having adventures and what results in this according to what occurred to Peter.

References

1.      Chozick, A. (2012). ' Bet Your Camomile Tea, Peter, You’re a TV Star Now.' https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/arts/television/peter-rabbit-on-nickelodeon-for-christmas-then-as-series.html

2.      Guijarro, A. (2010). 'A Multimodal Analysis of The Tale of Peter Rabbit within the Interpersonal Metafunction.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289558303_A_Multimodal_Analysis_of_The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit_within_the_Interpersonal_Metafunction

3.      Ryan, M. Hannah, N. Lobb, J. (2007). ' The Tale of Peter Rabbit: A Case Study in Story-Sense Reasoning.' https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2007/FS-07-05/FS07-05-022.pdf

4.      Winckelmann, A. (2012). ' Stealing as a moral feature in animal stories: A comparative analysis of "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" and "The Wind in the Willows" GREN Verlag.

5.      https://freekidsbooks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Peter-Rabbit-FKB-Kids-Stories.pdf

 

 

 

“Convergence Culture”, Henery Jenkins Discussion B302B

 

Introduction

In his book “Convergence Culture”, Henery Jenkins addresses the life story as a form of narrative which he defines as many linguistic media oral, written image based or other different non verbal symbols. He mentioned that life stories and research on them occur across disciplines, it examines how these life stories creativity operate within the complex relationships that lie between these stories, lives and truths passing through different media and genres. In this paper, there will be a discussion of the grounds of Jenkins’s optimism supplied by a support to his views with the reasons behind it that are supplemented with examples from real life from the current digital age we live in. (Smith, 2019)

Creativity of Life Stories

Creativity has its critical impact in the lives of older people providing them with stimulation and giving sense of self worth. Through creativity, they can explore new endeavors, develop their sense of identity and help them better cope with the process of aging. Every one of them can tell his or her story of life and how creativity affected their life to learn new values and get involved to better life patterns and end up with having determined life stories. Older people may lose opportunities for growth, however, creativity and creative patterns of life can teach them much about themselves. Creative flow can produce better opportunities and enhanced expertise with greater psychological growth and transformation. Through it, the individual is capable of deepening his understanding of self and cultivates purposeful involvements. (Banks, 2019)

Life Stories and How They are Creative

According to Jenkins, the lived material of life gets shaped as narrative in life stories. In the sector of narrative psychology, we cannot find an individual’s life story on any kind of internet biography, giving the facts and events of life, rather, it is the way an individual integrates those facts and events internally and weave them back together to make a certain meaning. This narrative shall shape his identity in which everything he or she picks to include in the life story can reflect and shape who he or she is altogether. A life story does not only tell us what happened in someone’s everyday life, it, on the contrary, tells us why the events in this life were important, what they meant for that individual and who exactly he or she is. When we tell other people about ourselves, they tell our story in a narrative manner, this is how people communicate. But we think about our lives to ourselves in a narrative manner as well, we set a plot that leads us from one point to another. An old adage implies that everyone has a book inside his mind. Some people tend to write down in their diaries what occurs to them every day; nevertheless, researchers believe there is a large percent of people in the world who see their life as a story, and this is a common thing. These stories are not necessarily quite simple like fairy tales, the can have its own complications with lots of events going on in the environment surrounding people. (Beck, 2019)

According to researchers, narrative identity is constructed through the life development in adolescence and young adulthood. There is a relationship between the autobiographical reasoning and the psychological functioning of young adulthood. Young adults can construct life story narratives coded for the presence and valence of autobiographic reasoning, which is measured by the connections that lie between the events of life that are described in everyone’s self in negative, positive, neutral and mixed manner.( Fox, 1983)

Two Kinds of Stories to Tell About Ourselves

We all create our histories marked with highs and lows, and we share it to the world so we can shape our lives more meaningfully and purposely. Unlike any story we might have heard, our life does not follow a predefined path. Our experiences and identities are shifting constantly telling how we make sense of it. By taking these pieces of our lives and putting them together into a narrative we can create a unified whole which let us understand our lives coherently as a source of meaning. Researchers describe narrative identity as an internalized story we create about ourselves, as our own personal tailored myth. It contains heroes and villains like any myth who keep helping us or holding us back. Our life story is not an exhaustive history of everything that has happened, but we make the narrative choices ourselves. It focuses on the most extraordinary events, good and bad ones, because these experiences are what we need to make sense of and shape us therefore. (Medium, 2019)

How Media Affects Our Life Stories Path

Sometimes, it is hard to believe that it was only over a decade ago that our life was different from how we live now. Social media sites were available long before that but most people did not have access to them before that time. It is not just social media it is all kind of media that we encounter today and deal with, all of these media types have shaped our personality as we shaped it, we are the creator of it and they impacted our life and change how the story telling will be. On the one hand, businesses everywhere can now send their message to wider audience inside their countries and outside it. For small businesses they became capable of creating their own path in the marketplace which affected the life of people working in these companies and how they respond to different things around them. On the other hand, on social life, media has broken down the barriers when it comes to communication and provided different choices for contacting each other. Social media, for instance, made it easier to express ourselves and provided numerous ways for that not only with people we know but to the whole eternal world as well. It affected our character as it made it possible to track people down. To find older friends who we no longer meet which can open chances and opportunities in front of us in different ways. (Singer, 2013)

Amira and Media

This is time to tell an example of how media affected us so we became part of it, this is Amira, a middle aged woman who used to deal with direct contacts only at work or in social life. Few years ago, Amira had no idea about media and different tools it provide to us, then she met one of her old school friends who asked her to add her on her facebook account. Amira did not know anything about facebook until this time, she asked her friend to clarify what exactly she meant by adding on facebook. Her friend gave her a quick explanation and created an account for her. Now, Amira has a store on facebook where she sells cloths online. But if media has helped Amira financially, how can it change her life story? The answer lies here, Amira used to be a shy person, her life story was limited to those who are close to her, her family and friends, now she owns her business and she became open to different social opportunities, not just business opportunities, her character is changed, she became more social, she can talk with everyone fluently, with no shy, now she has more details to add to her life story compared to before she used the media.

Conclusion

According to Henery Jenkins, life story is a complex narrative and everyday truth, he says that as everyone was learning how to become a more active participant in the media environment, as more and more people were producing and circulating media themselves, they became part of a larger media landscape. We agree with him and we provided the support in this paper. We begin by focusing on life stories and creativity, it has its critical impact in the lives of older people providing them with stimulation and giving sense of self worth. Through creativity, they can explore new endeavors, develop their sense of identity and help them better cope with the process of aging. In the sector of narrative psychology, we cannot find an individual’s life story on any kind of internet biography, giving the facts and events of life, rather, it is the way an individual integrates those facts and events internally and weave them back together to make a certain meaning. According to researchers, narrative identity is constructed through the life development in adolescence and young adulthood. There is a relationship between the autobiographical reasoning and the psychological functioning of young adulthood. Then we discussed how media affects our life stories path either socially or in the field of business, how it shaped our personality. On the one hand, businesses everywhere can now send their message to wider audience inside their countries and outside it. On the other hand, on social life, media has broken down the barriers when it comes to communication and provided different choices for contacting each other. We provided an example of Amira who participated in the change of media and the media changed her life story as well eventually. (Smith, 2019)

 

References

1.     Banks, M. (2019). NARRATIVE IDENTITY: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE LIFE STORY, AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REASONING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD. Victoria.

2.     Beck, J. (2019). The Story of Your Life. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/08/life-stories-narrative-psychology-redemption-mental-health/400796/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019].

3.     Fox, R. (1983). The past is always present: Creative methods for capturing the life story. Clinical Social Work Journal, 11(4), pp.368-378.

4.     Medium. (2019). Ways social media has changed our society. [online] Available at: https://medium.com/w-i-t/ways-social-media-has-changed-our-society-38fd4d3e5ce8 [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019].

5.     Singer, J., Blagov, P., Berry, M. and Oost, K. (2013). Self-Defining Memories, Scripts, and the Life Story: Narrative Identity in Personality and Psychotherapy. Journal of Personality, 81(6), pp.569-582.

6.     Smith, E. (2019). The two kinds of stories we tell about ourselves. [online] ideas.ted.com. Available at: https://ideas.ted.com/the-two-kinds-of-stories-we-tell-about-ourselves/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2019].

Wuthering Heights by Emile Bronte, Conan Doyle's The sign of Four and The Beach of Falesa of Stevenson depict brutal truths about reality of domestic life and social exclusion

 

Introduction

The nineteenth century literary works presented an image of the Victorian realist tradition as this can be clear in Wuthering Heights by Emile Bronte, Conan Doyle's The sign of Four and The Beach of Falesa of Stevenson. The three works depict brutal truths about reality of domestic life and social exclusion as well as dispossession as realist elements that reflect real issues. This is going to be discussed in the current paper referring to examples from the three texts. 

Discussion

Wuthering Heights can represent the convention of Victorian realism such as brutal truth of social life. Realistic elements were represented in the characters of the middle and lower classes such as the peasants and Earnshows and this can also be clear in the domestic subjects the novel presented as people relationships, conflicts and the socio economic factors that moved events from the childhood of the characters to the end of their lives, Heathcliff and Catherine were faced by these facts which prevented them from their love and from living with each other as social factors surrounded her life as a woman from a high class stopped her from her love and natural life she lived with Heathcliff and this led him to suffer his real nature as a brutal man who came from lower social class and this also turned him to take revenge from those who prevented him from his beloved. Realistic elements in Wuthering Heights were also represented in the family history chronology and the cultural geography that realistically particularized elements as place, time and culture against gothic fiction and fantasy in the novel. (Bronte, 2016)

Realistic elements can also be regarded in the novel's plot as although there is irrational access in forming the characters and the super-natural element role, the plot presents conflicts that are based on the cause and effect in some kind of a chain that form characters' decisions and choice in life as Catherine is seen turning from living as a natural girl who does all she loves with her friend Heathcliff to be a lady who follows rules of the high class society at that time, speaking a s a lady and dressing as a lady in spite of the fact that she loved to live naturally and this results in the realistic consequences that Heathcliff too turned his life from what he really loved to what could bring him in the high class society owning Wuthering heights and taking revenge from all who caused him suffer. (Islam, 2018) This can be seen in Nelly's words about how Catherine turned to be a lady to match realism of her social class:

"Catherine kept up her acquaintance with Lintons . . . she imposed unwittingly on the old lady and gentlemen."  (Ch VIII. Page, 3.)

The Sign of the Four by Arthur Conan Doyle also represented some realistic ideas that were related to the Victorian age as the author tends to present Sherlock Holmes as a foil for that time shortage of the police forces that was a truth as this can be clear in the words of Mary Mortson when she told Holmes how the police wasn't able to find her father when he disappeared and this is also clear in the note of Thaddeus Sholto when he asked Mary not to bring the police and he states later that:

"There is nothing more unaesthetic than a policeman. I have a natural shrinking from all forms of rough materialism"(52).

This shows how the police is regarded as brutal and not helpful and provincial. Holmes also discerned that killers could escape by ways of the Thames and mistakes of the police as they mistake the culprit of Thaddeus Sholto. (Cooke, 2010)

Imperialism is also represented by Doyle in the Sign of the Four as a symbol for reality at that time. This can be apparent in the plot of the story as the story revolves the treasure of Agra and associates the East with the riches as the treasure in the story relates to Indian rajah and the plot suggests it relates to the British Empire as even Holmes didn't think of returning it to the original owner which reflects brutal truth of imperialism in Britain at that time. The story here represents reality of the British Empire which exploited the treasures and resources of India as its colony with no regard or consideration to the original people. (Oliver, 2016)

Stevenson’s ‘The Beach of Falesá' represents realism through the sea story that presents real South Sea character and real life details through romance and human life. Stevenson in that long story tried to follow realism as he portrayed the manners of people of many different social classes in the island society as it is considered a novel of manners, the author also tended to choose names as those in reality, names for people and names for ships although the island itself is a fictional one. The author tried to use all the real things and real experiences he had in sea in the story and thus he addresses British colonialism through making a confront between miscegenation and the taboos and referring to domestic elements such as gender and race picturing human nature through the natives having gullibility and superstition, presenting the traders with treachery and crudeness and the missionaries who are characterized with misguided zeal. Realism in the story also appears in Wiltshire characterization as he is rough and uneducated but at the same time has rudimentary decency and courage. Realism in the story is also presented in shedding the light of the Europeans' hypocrisy that is opposed by the islanders' honesty and simplicity which can make a conflict. (Buckton, 2007) The story also presents how the island bears many different people without problems as this is common:

"By this time we had come in view of the house of these three white men; for a negro is counted a white man, and so is a Chinese! a strange idea, but common in the islands." Page 4.

Conclusion

In conclusion, realism was used in literary works of the nineteenth century as many authors at that time presented their works based on real facts and truths of life at that age. This is clear in Wthering Heights as Bronte presented her characters and thir attitudes based on facts and brutal nature of human beings, this was also clear in Doyle's The Sign of the Four and Stevenson's The Beach of Falesá as authors referred to colonialism and other issues that were so attached to real life in their nature and experiences.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

1.      Bronte, Emily. (2016). 'Wuthering Heights (Fourth International Student Edition) (Norton Critical Editions).' W.W. Norton and Company.

2.      Buckton, O. (2007). 'Cruising with Robert Louis Stevenson: Travel, Narrative, and the Colonial Body.' Ohio University Press.

3.      Cooke, M. (2010). 'Fear of and Fascination with the Foreign in Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes Adventures.' https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1705&context=theses

4.      Islam, D. (2018). 'Character Analysis of "Wuthering Heights".' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324437653_Character_Analysis_of_Wuthering_Heights

5.        Oliver, K. (2016). 'The Sign of the Four, EMC Resource Pack.' https://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/assets/uploads/preview_files/EMC_SignFour_SAMPLE.pdf

How has the colonization of the British Isles affected the spread of English in Celtic-speaking territories? Illustrate your discussion with reference to the colonization of Ireland.

Thesis

There was a great impact for the colonization of the British Isles on the spread of English in the Celtic-speaking territories which was connected to the arrival of the Germanic tribes in 449 AD.

Discussion

In the early fifth century, the Romans withdrew from England which made a great political vacuum that helped tribes from the north to attack the Celts of the south and this made this ask for help from areas abroad and in the case of Ireland, help came from the Anglo-Norman neighbors in Wales and this heralded the English invasion for Ireland in the 12^th century. The Celtic languages in England declined and this began after the 5^th century AD when people spoke Celtic languages but the Brittonic languages began to prevail gradually as a result of the arrival in Britain of the settlers whose language was the Germanic and it was then realized as old English.

The Celtic speakers then gradually use old English but as they didn't travel to Brittany, the language gained some of the Celtic languages as Germanic speakers began to use some of the local language and this helped create the shift in the old English in many areas at different times and then modern English was created to cope with the new society.

The end of the 12^th century witnessed the coming of the Wales to Ireland and their settlement which led to many borrowings from the Irish language into English, for example the words: Chamber, flour, warrantee and the Anglo-Normans settled in the country after defeating the chieftains of Ireland and they spoke a language that is mixed with Irish and French.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to refer to the impact of the colonization of the British Isles on the decline of the Celtic languages and in the spread of the English language such as what occurred in Ireland and the appearance of modern English with the new borrowed words from different areas.  

 

 

Evaluate Brown’s viewpoint on global English, and explain whether you agree or disagree with it, and why.

 

Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of Britain (2007-2010), stated in one of his speeches that, “The English language has spread to every corner of the globe. Today more than one billion people speak English. It is becoming a world language, the pathway of global communication and global access to knowledge. It has become the vehicle for hundreds of millions of people of all countries to connect with each other, in countless ways. Indeed, English is much more than a language: it is a bridge across borders and cultures, a source of unity in a rapidly changing world” (2008). 

The viewpoint of Gordon's Brown regarding global English is true to a great extent as The English language today has become a key for world communication and a tool for connecting people all over the world.

The English language today has become a tool for global communication and access to global knowledge. English as a language has become a worldwide language for many reasons as it has the political and military power that arouses from the countries speaking it as their mother language throughout history such as England and the USA. The colonial policies Great Britain had forced colonies all over the world to use the language such as India as an example. English is also having an economic impact as it has been used as the language for commercial communication and business deals all over the world and as Britain and the USA have strong economic powers, English is widely used as a financial tool of giant international companies and brands and it can be clearly seen that English is the formal language of commercials and advertisements.  

I agree with the words of Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of Britain because of many reasons. English today is the main language used by the youth on the internet for communicating with others from different social media sites and applications; it is the gate for making profits and having good jobs. It is the leading used language in world's famous great universities and institutions and it is the foreign language that is most common and preferred in schools and universities in different countries all over the world. English language is the key to be international as actors and actresses, writers and authors and other artists become international when they make artistic works in English or when their works are translated into English which enables people from any country all over the world speaking any mother language to recognize their works via English.

In conclusion, English is an important language that had its position into history and has been developing this position by entering the new era strongly and is still having its great impact on people all over the world.

Victorian Britain was the world’s largest empire and Victorian attitudes to race, traced to scientific discoveries/knowledge of the time, shaped how Benin and other art by the colonies was perceived and treated

 

Before the 20th century, the art of Benin was outstanding and iconic such as Great Zimbabwe and Egypt's pyramids as it represented Black Africa through its cultural achievements. That age included imperial gaze and the works of Benin art and others astonished European curators.

The nineteenth century's empire had its own Britain African empire that was ruthless and extensive in fact as the empire as tending to empty its colonies from minerals, land and other sources in addition to subjugation of its local people by looting means and this led to many different forms of cultural erasing, art works such as Benin and others were looted by colonists and the world regarded this as evil act of the Britain empire.  

That type of art that Benin and others suggested was then recognized as an African accomplished when compared to the casting traditions of Europe and the Victorian age and it also represented renaissance cast art. After the British expeditions for art of Benin and others, that type of art evoked excitement and sensation. The different expeditions made in Europe turned the look at the art of Benin and others who focused on Africa and other areas where there are European colonies as people began to accept such art more and have pride of it. There has been a great role for art galleries and ethnological collections of art to change the way Europeans regard colonies and these art works changed the Victorian attitude towards these areas and people began to interpret their cultures better than before.   

It was in the nineteenth century when African artworks found the way to the West and they were regarded as being savage fetishes and even to be put at ethnographic museums but within time, this art inspired artists such as Picasso and it began to attract private collectors. Then in the 20th century the values of protecting cultural property began to appear and it even began to be forged. The European discovery of the art of Africa such as Benin didn't give it its rights for being kept and preserved well which can now be regarded as shame that Britain needs to forget as such treasures were stolen, crushed and destroyed by the colonists, it was that of countries with great cultures such as Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan and Kenya possessed by the colonist Britain with great imperialists' dreams at the time of queen Victoria when then the attacks against the Benin occurred. The fact that the Victorians were really moral about their empires contradicted the way they treated the art of Benin but in fact the looting of Benin was the event that enabled the African art to be visible to Europeans and modernism has been trying to give that art its right and bring life back to it. 

In conclusion, the great empire of the 19^th century treated treasures of their colonies such as African art of Benin in a way that is not suitable for their morale but within time this art is being regarded in a better way by art collectors and others all over the world.

What are the underpinning principles of liberalism and how does it view the world at large?

 

Liberalism is like other ideologies and philosophical schools, it has its own principles and it grew of some historical context with certain principles such as respecting people's freedom, individualism, liberty and moral equality.

The principles of liberalism all relate to its definition as liberalism relates to liberty of individuals and this is applies to all people and makes liberalism principles universal. Liberalism is based on the principle that persons should all be treated equally according to their humanity virtue, they need to have moral equity and respect whatever cultural background they belong to. Liberalism is based on the principle that diversity among people is tolerated and that people have freedom of reason. Individualism is one of the most important principles of liberalism and it takes the human being as an individual who represents the main unit of ethics and politics. Yet individualism is not the same as atomism as a liberal realizes the importance of individualism and the need for human connection and communication, liberals respect one's own relationships and features of culture such as language, color, religion, customs or traditions. Liberalism is based on the principle that people are free to have their own immense values such as faith, ethnic group, community, family and others.

Liberty is another principle that liberalism is based on and it starts by focusing on the individual liberty intrinsic value and that people are totally free in their actions, no one should interfere in it and this applies to all acts people make such as what they eat, drink, wear or belief and that they don't have to explain reasons for what they do. It also applies to people's goals and aims on both short and long terms. To a liberal person, an individual doesn't have to explain his own choices and reasons for these choices. Liberty has assumptions that also apply to the people a person chooses to communicate with and interact with and the projects people have to apply. Liberalism supposes that a person's understanding of God is his own choice and the choice of religion too and this also applies to his sexual or political beliefs. Being liberal means to respect the law too and liberalism doesn't mean to breach laws or not to follow public rules when someone is doing a project or making a business. Another principle of liberalism is respecting the property of others, intellectual property, respecting contracts, common laws and other rules set by communities such as caring for handicapped as an example.  

Universalism is another principle of liberalism as liberalism doesn't regard issues such as sex, sexuality, race, place, religion, class, wealth and other characteristics of individuals. Freedom of individuals includes the virtue of their humanity and having the right to live in a society where everyone is accepted and respected in moral ways. Issues such as racism and ethnicity are not accepted in liberal societies as people are not obliged to explain their parents' identities or religious attitudes. Liberalism means that there is no need for copying any single liberal constitution and then to paste it on another society as there should be interest in the historical and social context of such a society.

In conclusion, Liberalism can't be applied completely in any society in fact as it is a developing work that is liable to progress and it has weaknesses and strengths as liberal principles can't be described how to be applied by any one or any country as cultural backgrounds may decide how liberalism is applied in certain societies.