STMA-ACC302 Auditor Services

 

Q1

Assurance services are material services that auditors can make before agreeing to audit different final statements. They are representing professional services that can raise information quality for decision makers. Attestation is a kind of assurance services. Assurance services can be used for showing enhancement of information domain provided by certified public accountants. The independence is a feature that is found in auditor for such services' performing. I am responsible for making assessment for that engagements of assurance pre to accepting decisions. 

Attestation services are parts of the assurance services. They are styles of assurance services as reports are made by the CPA company related to the assertion reliabiltoy that another party is doing. These services can be found by many types including audit related to financial statements that are historical, attestation services in relation to IT and others which a wide subject matter domain can do as well as the control that is made over Financial Reporting.

 

Q2

Auditor independence is that independence which can be performed by an auditor with no impact from other different parties in the company and no control or interference is set by any part on it as these parties can't exist at any of the audit financial interest. There are two types of that independence which are independence in mental and independence in appearance. In dependence of mental is that mind state when view provision is allowed without any effects from anyone that may alter the judgment accuracy as this makes individuals to have conduct with professional skepticism, objectivity and integrity. There is a relation between independence in appearance to avert realities as well as the conditions of others that could have data that suspect compromising of the audit.

Independence has threats which are the affecting conditions on independence. According to AICPA, seven styles are found of threats which are advocacy, self-review, adverse interest, undue influence, management participations and financial self-interest. Examples are making the undue influence threat as a hazard that can affect the capability of an auditor for creating judgments that are objectives and independent. The company may in need for hiding that actual loss so as not to lead to investors' escape.

 

Q3

AICPA auditing standards  were applied  by  The PCAOB in April 16, 2003, being its temporary criterions . Ad respect should be followed by different auditors. They are adopted standards that are existing within auditing process. 

PCAOB Auditing Standards are considered as  auditing standards that are generally accepted and classified into three main categories; Standards of Fieldwork, Standards of Reporting and General Standards ,

General Standards

1. The audit must  be made through one person  or persons who maintain technical training and proficiency for being an efficient auditor.

2. There are some issues relevant to the assignment where the auditor should get an mental attitude independence.

 3. the auditors  are in need for professional care  during that  process of auditing  and  during preparing the auditor report. 

 Standards of Fieldwork

1. Complete overseen should be done if the process is having suitability coordinated. 2. Internal control should be realized and coordinated the audit so as to is to specify checks' nature, extent and timing

3. There should be suitable evidential issue for getting into making processes for example, inspection, confirmations, observation and inquiries for giving a rational and plausible   basis that a view point needs for considering  the financial statements under audit.

Standards of Reporting

1. The report should decide if the financial statements are prepared  with high relation to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

2. The report should decide the conditions that these principles that systems couldn't observe in the current period related to the preceding period.

3. They need to have records' disclosures relevant to financial statements that are enough or if they are either contained within the report.

4.The report must include opinion showing that consider the financial statements, or that can be comprehensive, or that can assure the impact which is not shown by the view.

In case that it is difficult to show comprehensive opinion, it is necessary to determine the causes then. In all cases,  if  auditor's name  is connected to financial statements, there should be showing of the obvious-cut significance related to feature of the auditor's process  , if any, accountability rate should be taken by the auditor.

The ten generally accepted auditing standards are for sure, having a great part for auditors as they can guide auditors towards the means of auditing process making on bases that are scientific. This is because the ten standards are able to present a summary for auditors' accountabilities that other standards of PCAOB can present later. Fieldwork three standards can get close to audit organization and then collect evidence that is useful for making audits able to get financial statements' view. 

 

Q4

There is no doubt that the auditors bear the responsibility of material misstatement detection within the auditing process for the financial statements that are consolidated by the company through making the statements' values matched within the statements and then to make definition for the differences because this can make them able to recognize the different existed frauds and errors. They also have the responsibility of achieving communication on all its levels within teams through the engagement process. The auditors are also in responsibility for using the processional skepticism they maintain for making the assessment that is accurate and effective on the evidence of the audit during audit process as this can help in making the report via opinion declaring and then to make the decisions related to financial statements to suggest they have errors or fraud material misstatements. Based on that assumption, auditors are detectors for the material misstatements which are made by managers in Toshiba as they could make changes for the statements' values for purposes of stakeholders' delude as they achieved the goals and the profits that were desired. Auditors' role here can be an informative role as they give information about the material misstatements in relation to errors or fraud in the reports of the auditors, financial statements' presentation by Toshiba were not to be presented fairly in the different aspect.   

Q5

i.

Users or stakeholders of the company's financial statement who may include the suppliers, clients, investors, employees, the public or the government can ask for external organization independent report that is relevant to material misstatements in the firm so as to let them be able to make the right decisions in future time. They need to have exact data about all the issues relevant to the decisions related to the real financial situation of the company and that should be given to them as in accurate values for helping them make clear decisions such as the investors for example, and here auditors are responsible for issuing the reports and all Toshiba material misstatements in the financial statements of the company and not to present all values as here investors can be careful in taking steps and decisions after their assessments of the company's statements. Audits can give the stakeholders accurate information about the factual financial position of the company and this will help stakeholders have the optimal decisions according to that information.

 

ii.

Professional skepticism can work as having a material role in audit, this can also build an essential part of the auditor's skill group. It can make the professional judgment an easy process and in particular, the decisions related to the course of action, nature and timing of the decisions related to the audit process as this can reduce the hazard to an accepted level and can help in determination of the needed audit evidence or to tell if there should be more requirements to be fulfilled for assurance criterions including the administration judgments' assessment and the financial reporting system of the organization based on the yearly audit system and the conclusions design with connection to the maintained audit evidence.

Professional skepticism usage can help the audit efficacy and reduce potential of choosing audit that is not suitable or effective or even to misuse an audit that is suitable as a procedure or have misunderstanding for the outcomes and results of the audit.

 

 

 

B207B Corporate Social Responsibility that Improves Sustainability AOU

 

Corporate Social Responsibility has a main aim that is attracting business entities to consider their activities effect on the community members including the company's shareholders and other stakeholders. The triple bottom line explains that three goals exist for corporations to achieve which are the social, economic and environmental goals.

Corporate social responsibility is an approach that tries to improve the business sustainability through adding advantage to the society related to the environment, economy and society.  Managers focus on many aspects that are relevant to applying CSR including health, safety, people, education, rights, environmental issues, work environment and others that can help in improving the economic status in a community. Corporate social responsibility is the firm's responsibility towards the community and the society and this is base3d upon three types, the environmental responsibility, economic responsibility and social responsibility. Long term sustainability of the business organization depends on CSR and applying the three aspects related to it. The three aspects have to be applied in a balance that ensures reaching long term sustainability which helps the company strengthen its market business and reputation and profits as a result.  The triple bottom line that has been issued by John Elkington tells that the company should have three basic bottom lines which can include main three Ps which are profit, people and planet. (Elkington ,1998). Profit is the first in the bottom line and it is related to the company's revenues and profits, the second is people who are related within the company's stakeholders and the third is planet that account for the company’s activities related to its corporate social responsibility and how far the business is applying it throughout time.  

Kuwait Oil Company is one of the biggest oil companies in Kuwait and the Gulf area as it was established in Kuwait in 1934. The company has a plan for ensuring long term sustainability through its corporate social responsibility development. The company has many activities related to the three basic areas related to CSR and there are many proofs on that on the social, environmental and economic levels and this is included within the 2030 strategic plan of the company. KOC studies the present and future needs related to environmental and social matters in the society of Kuwait and then it tries to face any problems that are found in Kuwait in that regard.

Economic responsibility has a very important role that relates to the company's stakeholders which makes the company's management able to make more profits and to improve the business market position and ranking. In KOC 2030 strategy, the company has many items that can add too much to the economy including using petrol to improve the strategic value, improving the business performance to raise profits and minimize the flaring of the gas to reach one % instead of 17 % in the past which is a great responsibility that helps the company decrease its costs to improve the economy. On the environmental level, this is another responsibility as it helps the company share in pollution reduction in Kuwait. Efforts done by KOC are asserted by the world bank related to gas flaring as the company had set a specific plan for maximizing the home usage of gas and this helps in imprisoning the associated gas and stop gas wasting and emission which helps the environment greatly. The KOC annual report, among the most important goals of KOC, there is cost saving that uses both innovation and technology in different business areas to reduce costs and at the same time help in the heavy petrol reservoirs improvement and development. The company has also made good contracts for offshore drilling in order to support its financial position in the market. (KOC, 2017).

Environmental responsibility is the second type of responsibility applied by KOC management and it is based on main activities that help keep the environment clean and protect it from harmful elements in addition to keeping its resources healthy. The company also tends to manufacture in a way that ensures health and safety related to the environment with low pollution levels and less costs of production in order to reach competitiveness of the company in the global market. KOC policy is based on using resources wisely and reducing wasting materials that may be additional cost to the business. The company tended to build Ahmadi Hospital in 1960 to be an opportunity for offering medical care for the company's workers and others working in the oil production field and their families. The company has other services that include public campaigns, training courses, students' assistance and holding medical conferences that are important for people's health and medication. KOC is a very important organization that is interested in blood donation and the company has a home agenda that puts it on its most important activities. Another area of interest considered by the company is safety which is ensured through many ways such as applying international safing measures as ISO 14001-2004 and the Occupational Health and Safety Management 18001-2007 certificate. The company also helped in reducing the problem of traffic through supporting the Traffic General Directorate degree and help find innovative solutions for traffic problems. The company was also regarded as the first oil company that added in the marine colony improvement in 2007. The company helped in gas reduction and it also helped in waste water disposing which helps in the environment protection. (KOC, 2017)      

Social responsibility is the third area of the company's CSR as managers of the company puts the issues of the Kuwait society in consideration and tries to match the needs of that society regarding issues of health, human well-being, respect and cleanliness and other areas. In KOC, the company tries to invest in its human resources and workers as being member of the Kuwaiti society and community. Labor force of the company are considered main target of interest and respect and the company spends much on their development and support. The company has cooperation programs with international universities that provide different training sessions for workers of the company and provide Master and PHD opportunities for the company's engineers in the field of Petroleum and engineering study. The company help in presenting many employment opportunities for people of the Kuwaiti society which reduces unemployment problems and satisfy the social need of employment, this helps the society feel more satisfied about the company and its CSR activities. (KOC, 2017)    

References

Books

Carroll, Archie, B. and Schwartz, Mark, S. (2003). “Corporate Social Responsibility: A ThreeDomain Approach”. Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 503-530

Crowther, D. (2008). 'Corporate Social Responsibility.' Bookboon. P120-140.

Rasche, A. Morsing, M. Moon, J. (2017). 'Corporate Social Responsibility.' Cambridge University Press.

Website

KOC, 2017, annual report of KOC , visited in 9-3-2019, available  ;

https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Annual%20Reports/2017-2018%20English.pdf

KOC, 2016, CSR of KOC , visited in 9-3-2019, available  ;

https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Other%20Publications/Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility.pdf

KOC, 2019, Corporate Social Responsibility, visited in 9-3-2019, available  ;

https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/We%20Care/Social%20Responsibility/Introduction.aspx

KOC, 2019,World Bank Praises KOC’s Gas Flaring Reduction Efforts, visited in 9-3-2019, available  ;

https://www.kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Media%20Center/News%20And%20Events/WorldBankPraisesKOC%E2%80%99sGasFlaringReductionEfforts.aspx

E-library

Baden, D. (2016). ' A reconstruction of Carroll’s pyramid of corporate social responsibility for the 21st century.' International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility20161:8

Cavalic, A. (2017). ' The pyramid of corporate social responsibility in the companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina.' 5th International Scientific Conference “Economy of Integration” – ICEI 2017, At Tuzla

 

 

Evil in Three Literary Works, Othello, The Duchess of Malfi, and Candide.

 Q1. In the three literary works we have studied, Othello, The Duchess of Malfi, and Candide. evil is portrayed as a main theme. Examine the depiction of evil in these works and how it is manifested similarly and/or differently in the texts. Explain the ways the portrayal of evil possibly offers social criticism. Discuss and cite examples from the texts to support your answer.

Introduction

Evil is a theme that can be portrayed in many literary works through different means and to discuss many issues. The current paper is discussing evil as a main theme portrayed in three literary works which are Othello, The Duchess of Malfi and Candide, the depiction of evil is examined and the way it is manifested in the texts with examples form the literary texts.

Discussion

Shakespeare depicted evil as a main theme in Othello through characters and events, Iagos can be evil at many situations with his ill-willed character and his way in leading many characters of the play to confusion, here Shakespeare presents his evil side. For example, in scene one, he claimed being angry at Othello because he suspected him had a relation with his wife and at the end of Act 2 he also reveals such suspicion and tries to lust with Desdemona to get even with Othello. "It is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheets, he has done my office". (Act I Scene 3, lines 369-370) Shakespeare also focuses on other characters showing the evil sides of their nature such as that of Othello who has many suspicions with his wife and his desire to kill her. Evil is presented in Othello to focus on human behavior and the changes that occur in that behavior and he links evil to some extent to power and to deception. The play also presents evil as an element that exists in society which may raise social criticism here as he presents the brutal Venetian society with its lifestyles and the different gender roles as a tool for raising evil through minorities' oppression and rich power. Shakespeare tries to present evil as a result for different social climates and political conditions too which may be socially criticized as there can be many rich societies where evil is not a main element or mover for actions. 

The Duchess of Malfi is a play that presents evil as an oppose to good as there are characters that are good and others that are evil such as the brothers who are unrelenting evil as they are presented to express devil, fire and darkness motifs. The play focuses on evil that comes from family members as brothers are apparent to be evil in the fourth act and there is sharp distinction by Webster on the difference between good and evil. The author also presents evil through elements such as fake corpse, madman plethora and the murder of the Duchess and her children which declares high cruelty against light of a mother who is representing good. She though realizes that there is evil on earth as she says: "That’s the greatest torture souls feel in hell,/In hell: that they must live, and cannot die" (4.1.70-1) The author also tries to focus on some evil of other people in the play such as Ferdinand and The Cardinal in an indirect way as they are responsible for getting fire to her life as for example, Ferdinand's imaginations to kill her children and get her blood shows his mean soul and he was associated with being in fire many times. The play may present some social criticism through evil depiction as many people may think it is an exaggeration that brothers can do all that evil acts to a loving sister as the two brothers seem connected with the devil by many ways, for example, Antonio says: “the devil speaks in” (1.1.177) This was an example of many words representing the brothers being hell on Earth facing the virtue of the Duchess.

Candide is presented in the novel as an innocent man who is the victim of misfortunes and then he encounters evil in many situations. Evil can be regarded in the sufferings Candide meets during his travels but he still has optimism and hope but he and his master Pangloss turn to believe the world is full of evil and cruelty. The journey they go together presents a wide variety of evil including deaths, rapes, earthquakes and different violent acts. They can't justify all that evil in life and then they review the optimistic look for the world. The author is trying to present evil away from society as it is not connected with people only but even with nature as modern people are cruel as well as primitive one who could eat them alive. This focus on the existence of evil provide a difference image of evil from other literary works that made Candide unique in comparing evil to good on Earth. 

 Conclusion

In conclusion, evil is a main theme that was presented in many literary works such as Othello, The Duchess of Malfi and Candide. The authors of these three works tried to depict evil as a main theme that was differently presented in each of the three works and was compared to good in each of them differently.

 

 

English Sound Production

 Q1

Introduction

English sound production includes consonants and vowels, the way sounds are articulated determines if they are consonants or vowels.

They differ in many ways such as the way each of them is produced in the mouth. Other differences are related to the status of the mouth when vowels or consonants are made and the way each is described and classified.

Discussion

Consonants are sounds that are produced by stopping the air in the mouth from free flow such as using the tongue to touch the teeth or closing the lips for example. The air here is totally stopped by lips and then it is soon closed: /b/; /p/; /m/. Vowels are sounds of speech that are produced when the air in the mouth flows out without the teeth blocking it or even the lips or the tongue. Examples are teach, books and sun as the middle sounds of these words are all vowels. Differences between vowels and consonants include the way they are put in the syllabus as a vowel occupies the nucleus of a syllabus while consonants are described based on manner and place of articulation. Vowels when produced, there is no complete closure while consonants are produced with closure in many positions.

There are 24 recognized consonant sounds in English which are divided into seven classes based on the manner of articulation. This includes stop/plosive sounds, affricate sounds, nasal sounds, approximant sounds and lateral approximant in addition to frictionless continuant.

Place of articulation refers to the point where the two articulators meet at together, there are points where articulators meet to make consonants such as Bilabial as the two lips are the articulators such as /p/; / b/; /m/. Another point is the labiodental that gathers lower lip and upper front teeth to produce /f/ and /v/, labial-velar is the point that includes simultaneous strictures at the lips and between the tongue back and soft palate such as /w/ sound while dental point is an active articulator is the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth is the passive one such as /θ/ as in thought and /ð/ as in there. Alveolar point is the point where the tip of the tongue is the active articulator and the alveolar ridge is the passive such as /t/; /d/; /n/; /s/; /z/; /l/; /r/ and post alveolar sounds include active articulator which is the tongue blade and the alveolar ridge back is the passive one such as /ʃ/ in shop, tʃ in chips, /ʒ/ and /ʤ/. The palatal is tongue front is the active articulator and the passive is the hard palate such as j in yesterday. And the velar point makes the tongue back is active articulator and the passive is soft palate such as /k/; /g/; /ŋ/. Glottal point is such as sound /h/ where the vocal cords produce the sound. 

A vowel occupies the syllabus nucleus as in the process of vowel production, The tongue height refers to the place of tongue's highest point that can form the vowel and there are three positions which are the high that is close to the mouth roof as in the sound /i:/ as in please, the low that is open as in /a:/ as in car and the mid such as /ɜː/ in bird. Pace of tongue also affects the vowels such as front vowels as /i:/ as in keen, the back as /u:/ in poor and central as the /ɜː/ bird. Vowels differ according to length and lips as the unrounded lip position as /i/ in chip and the rounded as in horse /ɔː/.

Conclusion

In conclusion, vowels and consonants are produced based on position of the tongue, teeth and other areas in the mouth and this affects the way people can use each of them to produce speech.

References

1. Amer, W. (2020). ' An investigation into the Differences between English and Arabic Consonant and Vowel Sounds: A Contrastive Study with Pedagogical Implication.' http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/wamer/files/2010/02/An-investigation-into-the-Differences-between-English-and-Arabic-Consonant-and-Vowel-Sounds-review.pdf
2. Mehler, J. Varela, S. Nespor, M. Hochmann, J. (2011). 'Consonants and vowels: Different roles in early language acquisition.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51729788_Consonants_and_vowels_Different_roles_in_early_language_acquisition

 

 

Q2

Introduction

Morphology is the study of the words of a language and how they are formed of parts of speech such as morphemes.

There are different types of English morphemes such as base words, suffixes, prefixes and affixes. Each morpheme has its function that can change the meanings based on its position and role in the words. A word can include many morphemes that their position decides their functions.

Discussion 

Morphology is studying of the words and the parts related to them and the formation of words. Morphemes are the basic meaning units in morphology study, they can be like base words, suffixes and prefixes. Morphemes are essential for phonics in processes such as spelling and reading and they are important for comprehension and vocabulary.

Types of morphemes include free morphemes that can work alone as they are the stem or root of words such as the word that is  a lexical word 'possible' and bound morphemes that should be connected and can't stand as main words alone such as ed. A word can include many morphemes such as for example, the word buyers that includes three morphemes which are buy, er and s and each of these morphemes can occur in another word keeping its meaning such as buying, fisher and sellers as each morpheme has its same specific job of meaning.

Affixes have specific functions as they work to form new words such as derivational affixes and they can also tell if the word is an object, a subject or other such as the inflectional affixes. They carry both simple and grammatical information that can make sentences clear and effective. Inflectional affixes can work as a conveyer for the grammatical meaning because they are able to build the many forms of one word while the derivational affixes work as for supplying the main part of the lexical and lexico-grammatical meanings which results in different words. A derivative can provide more derivation and can be homonymous to the meaning stem. Example is foolish which is derived from the fool as a stem, it is homonymous to the foolish stem and occur in the words foolishly and foolishness. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, words are composed of main parts as the morpheme is the base word that bear meaning and it can be used in other words with affixes and suffixes presenting the same meaning. There are types of morphemes such as grammatical morphemes. Affixes can be used to send messages forming new words of the main word stem.

References

1. Fokkens, A. (2009).' Introduction to Morphology.' http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~afokkens/materials/Introduction2Morphology2009.pdf

 

 

 

 

Choice as an important them in Robert Frost poem, "The Road Not Taken"

 Introduction

Choice is an important them in Robert Frost poem, "The Road Not Taken" as the speaker has two roads to choose from and he chose the road that can make a difference.

Discussion

The poem explains that choice can decide how destinies can change and be defined as he explains how he sees a fork in the road that symbolizes choice that a person has to make in life and how choice can lead a person to take decisions which can make difference in life. The speaker in the poem shows how he faces two paths and his choice can't be avoided and the path chosen by a person can make him and his career. Choice is presented in the poem as a philosophy as life is symbolized as a journey and that when a person chooses the hardest way or the way that others find difficult, this can make results more different and unique. He refers to doubts hen taking a choice and he decided to take the road that represents hardships that people avoid but it may have special distinctions for future life and career. The poet says:

"Then took the other, as just as fair, 
And having perhaps the better claim," (Second Stanza.)

Here he refers to reasons for his choice and decision to take the road that is not taken by others as he wanted both roads but left the other for another day as he wishes to return to it one day which shows his desire to discover everything in life which is a difficult thing and no one can do. The speaker in the poem is faced by choices and he has to take serious decision that he should be responsible for, he seems to be hesitated but his last line explains that he is satisfied with his judgment because he seeks value and difference although the impact of taking such road is not yet clear.

"And that has made all the difference." (Last line.)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important for a person to think deeply before making a choice and that roads that are not commonly taken may make a difference. 

References 

1. Alam, M. Mitu, R. (2018). 'Representation of Conflicts Regarding Choices in Human Life in ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329706231_Representation_of_Conflicts_Regarding_Choices_in_Human_Life_in_'The_Road_Not_Taken'_by_Robert_Frost
2. Avula, P. (2015). 'Impact of Decision Making in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303683976_IMPACT_OF_DECISION_MAKING_IN_ROBERT_FROST'S_'THE_ROAD_NOT_TAKEN'
3. Judkins, L. (2014). 'Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”: Regret in the Human . Psyche - A Critical Essay.' https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/633/577

Writing book reviews and Online Education EL117

 Part 1 Process Essay

Outline

Introductory Paragraph:

Hook/Opening statement:

Writing book reviews is a commentary work that can provide a summary for the work.

Thesis statement:

Writing a review is making a critical evaluation of a written text, it can make argument for a literature work such as books, novels or any other different genre of writing. 

Body Paragraph (1):

Topic sentence (1):

The importance of writing books' reviews.

Major supporting details:

How to write a review for a book in certain steps.

Body Paragraph (2):

Topic sentence (2):

Writing a review for a book should have an idea about it and analysis to its main themes.

Major supporting details:

How to be an expert in writing reviews of books.

The importance of books' reviews for readers of different books.

Concluding Paragraph:

Restatement of the thesis:

Reviewing books is important because it can evaluate written works and suggest the most important for readers or give them summary about different books.

Final comment:

Reviewing books can make arguments about writings which is necessary and important to understand the purposes from different literary works.   

Part1/ Process Essay (351 words)

Writing book reviews is a commentary work that can provide a summary for the work. Writing a review is making a critical evaluation of a written text, it can make argument for a literature work such as books, novels or any other different genre of writing.

Writing a review makes the reader of the review able to have an idea about the book creation, its theme and plot. To write a review for a book or a novel, the review writer should at first give the readers a summary of the book's content with a relevant description of the book's main topic and the problems or conflicts it presents. Then the writer has to provide a critical assessment of the book's content which can include the reader's own reactions and feelings towards the book's themes, characters and events. The writer of the review needs to present the purpose of the book in the review in addition to the issues that can strike the public in the book. This can include comments on the style of writing the book's author used, the language, level of scenario, major and minor characters and the themes tackled into the book and how far the writer was successful in persuading the reader with his views and how far the characters were real or coming near the reality.

Writing a book review should maintain a fair analysis to the work and suggests reading it to the readers or on the contrary giving the reader an idea about the reader's passive experience during reading the book if it was like that. To become an expert reviewer, it is important to be objective and fair in giving opinions about books and authors and to be careful of taking specific attitudes against the writers of books based on personal experiences or personal feelings.

Reviewing books is important because it can evaluate written works and suggest the most important for readers or give them summary about different books. Reviewing books can make arguments about writings which is necessary and important to understand the purposes from different literary works.

Part 2 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay

Outline

Introductory Paragraph:

Hook/Opening statement:

Online education has become very important today as it seems that people find it easier to go online today and receive educational materials online.

Thesis statement:

Online education has become a main concept that all educational institutions care for and invest in today.

Body Paragraph (1):

Topic sentence (1):

There are many advantages for online education today.

Major supporting details:

Online education is the future of education as online education enables learners to have a wide variety of options of the educational subjects and materials they need.

Body Paragraph (2):

Topic sentence (2):

Online education presents several mediums a student can use to follow teachers and have the ability to decide time to take tests, quizzes and exams online.

Major supporting details:

Online education is much more flexible than traditional education because it can save money and time of travelling far away to have specific educational programs as a student can have lectures and exams online from any place in the world without having the effort of travelling and the cost too.

Body Paragraph (3):

Topic sentence (3):

Many recruiters today prefer freelance employees who don't make much burden on the company by asking physical support and those freelance employees are asked to use online sites easily.

Major supporting details:

Learners who study online can study freely at their own pace, this type of e-learning provide many portals for students and online libraries they can access materials and books online easily and properly which makes it effective to make different assignments and researches online.

Concluding Paragraph:

Restatement of the thesis:

Online education is highly recommended today by students and teachers too as they both find much comfort in using it.

Final comment:  

Online education can be most used in the future for many reasons that make it easy and money saver.  

Part2/ Argumentative and persuasive essay  (485 words)

Online education has become very important today as it seems that people find it easier to go online today and receive educational materials online. Online education has become a main concept that all educational institutions care for and invest in today.

Many people may see advantages and disadvantages in online education as some people see that a student needs to meet his teachers face to face but in the current essay, advantages of online education are going to be presented and discussed. Online education is the future of education as online education enables learners to have a wide variety of options of the educational subjects and materials they need. Another reason is that online education gives learners much time and comfort in watching and communicating with online courses and it gives students a freedom in choosing the educational path they wish and want to join.

Online education presents several mediums a student can use to follow teachers and have the ability to decide time to take tests, quizzes and exams online. Online education is much more flexible than traditional education because it can save money and time of travelling far away to have specific educational programs as a student can have lectures and exams online from any place in the world without having the effort of travelling and the cost too. A student can also divide years of studying and delay some subjects based on the hour systems applied in all online educational organizations instead of the traditional strategy of yearly curriculum applied in traditional educational organizations, this increases students' opportunities in understanding, studying and passing in the exams of online schools and universities. Students can attend lessons and discussion sessions on the wide variety of virtual education programs existed online and can have ease and comfort while doing this from home or from any suitable place in his homeland.

Many recruiters today prefer freelance employees who don't make much burden on the company by asking physical support and those freelance employees are asked to use online sites easily, this can be found easily in the students who have their degrees from online educational schools and universities. Learners who study online can study freely at their own pace, this type of e-learning provide many portals for students and online libraries they can access materials and books online easily and properly which makes it effective to make different assignments and researches online. Online education is also suitable for people who work and can't find enough time to go to schools or universities to receive a special degree as they can manage time and educational programs to make them suitable for the free time they have after work.

Online education is highly recommended today by students and teachers too as they both find much comfort in using it. Online education can be most used in the future for many reasons that make it easy and money saver.  

 

EL122 Types of Personalities

 Research question:  

Discuss Types of Personalities.

Thesis statement:

Personality refers to differences among individuals in terms of multiple factors like characteristic patterns of thinking, behaving and feeling. When we study personality we mainly focus on understanding the individual differences in particular and on personality characteristics such as irritability and sociability.

Focus of the essay:

Process

Outline

Introduction

Our personalities reflect our behaviors, and the type of personality refers to the psychological classification of individuals types. It can be sometimes mixed up with personality traits, however, personalities types are involved to many qualitative differences that distinguish people from each other. There are different classifications for personality types, such as Jung’s theory of psychological types of personality. Therefore, in this paper we will discuss the commonly known types of personality with detailed examples for illustration purposes.  (Zhang, 2001)

Topic sentence:

-Personality is a group of characteristics that reflect human behaviors.

- Different types of realm can result in sixteen personality types that reflect the individual’s attitude towards the external world.

Topic sentence:

- There is a taxonomy that divides the personality types based on their attitude and how they deal with people and different situations around them.

-Describing and discussing different types of personality in the taxonomy.

Topic sentence:

-There is a taxonomy that divides personality according to how they react in different situations.

-Describing and comparing different types of personality in the taxonomy.

Conclusion

Personality refers to differences among individuals in terms of multiple factors like characteristic patterns of thinking, behaving and feeling. Our personalities reflect our behaviors, and the type of personality refers to the psychological classification of individuals types. There are different classifications for personality types, such as Jung’s theory of psychological types of personality who divided personality types into four realms in each realm there are two contradicting personality types. There are other taxonomies of personality types such as the taxonomy that divides them into sixteen types. Sometimes, we may find one or more of these personality types in one person. (Sato, 2018)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Our personalities reflect our behaviors, and the type of personality refers to the psychological classification of individuals types. It can be sometimes mixed up with personality traits, however, personalities types are involved to many qualitative differences that distinguish people from each other. There are different classifications for personality types, such as Jung’s theory of psychological types of personality. Therefore, in this paper we will discuss the commonly known types of personality with detailed examples for illustration purposes. (Zhang, 2001)

Discussion

Personality is a group of traits and characteristics that reflect how we behave and react to different situation around us. It can predict how we feel about things and deal with problems around us. Different personality types were analyzed by researchers in different ages. According to Jung’s theory of psychological types of personality, people can be classified into four realms of personality groups; those who prefer the general attitude, they can be either, extraverted or introverted, which identifies the source and direction of the individual’s energy. He compared them with other type of people who prefer one of the two functions of perception, sensing or intuition, which identifies the perception of information method. Then there are those who are inclined to one of the two functions of judging, thinking or feeling, which represents the information processing process and how to organize all events in one’s live and exploring possible alternative options. Finally, he illustrates the type of people who prefer one of the two functions of perception, judging or perceiving, which reflects the method of processed information implementation. These four realms can result in sixteen personality types, they reflect the individual’s attitude towards the external world and how his or her perception can function. The third group represents the way everyone perceives information and the final group reflects the way that everyone processes this piece of information. According to Jung, one of these psychological functions might be primary and the other is the secondary one. (Sato, 2018)

According to researchers, there are another taxonomy that divides the personality types based on their attitude and how they deal with people and different situations around them. The inspector; for instance appears formal, loving traditions and serious. They see him as a hard worker, socially and culturally responsible. The counselor, on the other hand, appears visionary and idealist and always projects imaginary and creative ideas. They found that he is distinguished by having a profound and different way to look at the world. He does not like to take things at the surface level or accept them as they look like from the outside, he prefers to go deep inside things to explore them. Also, there is the mastermind, the quiet, comfortable being alone and reserved person. He prefers to work alone rather than in a group. He is interested in theories and ideas and prefers to observe the world and the reasons behind things happening in it. The giver is another example who is a people focused person, with idealistic, charismatic and ethical personality; he usually prefers to make relationships with others regardless their background or personality. He depends in his judgments on feelings and intuition and tend to live in his own imagination instead of living the real world. He focuses on caring for the future rather than the current present tense. (Grumm, 2009)

On the other hand, There is the taxonomy that divides personality according to how they react in different situations, such as the craftsman; who is described as a mysterious person who is usually very rational and tends to go for logic while being enthusiastic at the same time. It is not easy to recognize his personal traits compared to other types of personality, so it is hard to anticipate his reactions towards what is happening around him. He is spontaneous and capable of hiding his traits from the outside world. The provider, for instance, is extrovert, social butterfly and usually in need to interact with others and make them happy; he attempts to be the cheerleader or the soccer hero in school and college. He focuses on organizing the social events for his friends and family and the community to which he belongs. Nevertheless, there is the idealist who is an introvert, he seems always reserved and quiet. He prefers to speak about himself especially when he is communicating with new people. He prefers to stay alone and analyze signs and symbols and think of the metaphors they may represent deep in his mind. He is always drawn to his dreams and imagination with his own thoughts and ideas. The performer, also, is distinguished by being perceptive, observant and extraverted. He likes to be the spotlight wherever he is, he is a funny person and enjoy being the center of attention. He is generous, friendly and warm, he concerns for people’s well-being. The researchers described the champion as being intuitive, extraverted, perceptive and have a lot of feelings towards others. He tends to make his own methods of life, his own ideas about things and his own habits and looks, he does not like to be forced to do something he does not want. He likes to be around people and sounds strongly intuitive when it comes to himself and others. The doer, also, is extraverted, with a sensible and thinking personality, he is governed by his needs for social relationships and his emotions. He is always in need for freedom and he is distinguished by having reasoning and logical processes. He is not always convinced by theories or abstracts, he is capable of fixing his own mistakes as he goes, and he never sit idle or set for contingency plans. However, we find the supervisor as the honest, organized, dedicated and traditional in his way of doing things. He is a good believer of doing what he believes. He always takes the path towards what is good or what is right and he is happy with his decisions. On his part, the researchers described the commander as the one who focuses on external aspects and tends to deal with things with rational and logical thinking. He is internally pushed towards behaving with things around him. The thinker, also is known for his brilliant ideas and theories and tends to use logic in everything he deals with. He likes to handle patterns and is capable of reading people. The nurturer, for researchers, is a sort of a philanthropist who is always ready to give back, he is known with generosity and always values cooperation and harmony. The visionary is someone of the rarest people in the world who is completely understandable. He is an extrovert and he does not like small talks in different social situations. And finally there is the composer who is, on the contrary, an introvert and finds difficulties to connect with others. We can, sometimes, find one or more of these personality types in one person. (Zhang, 2001)

 

Conclusion

Personality refers to differences among individuals in terms of multiple factors like characteristic patterns of thinking, behaving and feeling. Our personalities reflect our behaviors, and the type of personality refers to the psychological classification of individuals types. There are different classifications for personality types, such as Jung’s theory of psychological types of personality who divided personality types into four realms in each realm there are two contradicting personality types. There are other taxonomies of personality types such as the taxonomy that divides them into sixteen types. Sometimes, we may find one or more of these personality types in one person. (Sato, 2018)

References

1. Humanmetrics.com. (2019). Personality Type Explained. [online] Available at: http://www.humanmetrics.com/personality/type [Accessed 19 Oct. 2019].
2. Perfect, P. (2019). 16 Personality Types Overview | Free Access. [online] Personality Perfect. Available at: https://www.personalityperfect.com/16-personality-types/ [Accessed 19 Oct. 2019].
3. Sato, J. (2018). Feeling Function of Jung’s Psychological Types and Acceptance of Responses of Empathic Images. The Japanese Journal of Personality, 27(2), pp.149-151.
4. Zhang, L. (2001). Thinking styles and personality types revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), pp.883-894.
5. Grumm, M. and von Collani, G. (2009). Personality types and self-reported aggressiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), pp.845-850.