The Tale of Peter Rabbit as being suitable for today Children Literature

 

Introduction

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a clear example of a pictured children book that represents a moral message in a form of words and pictures through the characters of Peter rabbit and his family members to show childhood in the Victorian society that can be suitable for today's world too. 

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is a popular novel that is relevant to today's readers as it is a story of family and the Peter rabbit is not different from any child of today's world who wishes to discover forbidden things, he has feelings of fear and needs the caring of his mother. It bears lessons mothers of today can learn such as how parents can engage and understand their children and their needs and ways of handling their desires and wishes in order to control them and guide them to the right behaviors.

Body

The story of Peter, his sisters, animals he met during his adventure and his mother sheds the light on the childhood life through animal characterization as Potter presents readers who are mainly five years children with the main character that is Peter the rabbit, a rebellion who likes adventures in spite of the mother's warnings, the author tries to make Peter near humans making the rabbit wearing shoes, blue jacket and walking straight up on the hind legs. This makes the characterization of the animals clear in eyes of children who read. Childhood is presented by the author through many ways such as mother's warning to the rabbits: "You may go into the fields or down the lane, but don't go into Mr. McGregor's garden, your father had an accident there." Mothers usually warn children who should obey but the nature of male child that he seeks adventure that's why Peter visited the garden of McGregor, his behaviors there show how far childhood is characterized, he ate too much till he became sick, ran from the man, jumped into a can and did many risky but interesting things all children will wish to do. The Victorians considered childhood a separated stage of life from that of adults but the child should also obeys orders and guides or many troubles will be faced by them away from parents. (Ryan et al, 2007)

Adventure in the book was supported by pictures that open the imagination of the reader and add much colorful imaging to the adventures of Peter, the author has also portrayed different incidents in the book to make suspense and attraction to the story that the reader wants to learn more about what is going to happen and how the rabbit will act and what harm may occur to him at the end. The language used was suitable to reflect the different adventures Peter went into such as: "Peter ran straight away to Mr. McGregor's garden", "whom should he meet but Mr. McGregor!", Peter was most dreadfully frightened.", he had forgotten the way back to the gate.", shed big tears." and wriggled out just in time. He here tries to raise the attention of the readers and gets them into the adventures. The gender role in the story is clear as Peter clothes were different from clothes of the sisters colored reddish while Peter's clothes were blue, sisters were obedient while Peter was not and this makes it clear that the author wants to focus on the difference in gender and their relation to the adventures each sex has or should have. (Guijarro, 2010)

Although the Victorian considered the childhood a separated phase of life that a child should encounter certain morals and lessons to learn, this doesn't contradict with today's morals as parents of today always fear that their children may lose childhood and its morals which makes them interested in a story such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit and the lessons and morals it includes. Children of today yet has much knowledge and openness to the world than the Victorian child had which makes parents seek old texts such as the current one so that they may find imaginary world children can learn lessons from. The character of Peter is presented by a large amount of courage, risky attitude and love for adventure which makes it suitable to the children of today and makes them love to have adventures such as those ones who had especially that he wasn't defeated at last by the outer world he entered in spite of warnings. The end also can be satisfying for children of today as the mother's punishment wasn't hard and Peter only lost a nice dinner meal his sister enjoyed: "I'm sorry to say that Peter wasn't very well during the evening.", "But Flopsy, Mopsy and Cotton-tail had bread, milk and blackberries for supper.".  (Chozick, 2012)

The book can be used as a teaching material for children under the age of six because it is well illustrated with pictures drawn in a high artistic way and its language simple and thorough at the same time. The story itself can be a good source material for classroom activities such as role play and acting scenes due to the richness of events and the number of many characters the story has such as the character of Mr. McGregor, the mouse, the sparrows, sisters and the mother and Peter the rabbit. The author tried to send some messages to both children and parents who are both supposed to be readers for the book. Among those messages are the difference of freedom given to children based on their sex as male are really different from females in nature although the life of today reduced the differences between make and females even children but parents should take care of this issue and give it much care. Another lesson is that children can take risks and do adventures but they have to learn that passive results and outcomes may occur as although Peter wasn't caught by Mr. McGregor, his father was caught once and made a pie for the family of McGregor. Lessons can also include cooperation and helping others represented in the acts of the mouse and the sparrow. An important feature the author yet didn't focus on and parents should is stealing because Peter shouldn't have stolen vegetables from Mr. McGregor's garden. (Winckelmann, 2012 )

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to refer that The Tale of Peter Rabbit can be a story for all ages because the author has presented a character that is rebellion enough to suit all ages and the story is illustrated with pictures which makes it a teaching book that is interesting for all children. Childhood and adventure are presented in the story to give certain lessons related to difference between males and females and having adventures and what results in this according to what occurred to Peter.

References

1.      Chozick, A. (2012). ' Bet Your Camomile Tea, Peter, You’re a TV Star Now.' https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/arts/television/peter-rabbit-on-nickelodeon-for-christmas-then-as-series.html

2.      Guijarro, A. (2010). 'A Multimodal Analysis of The Tale of Peter Rabbit within the Interpersonal Metafunction.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289558303_A_Multimodal_Analysis_of_The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit_within_the_Interpersonal_Metafunction

3.      Ryan, M. Hannah, N. Lobb, J. (2007). ' The Tale of Peter Rabbit: A Case Study in Story-Sense Reasoning.' https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2007/FS-07-05/FS07-05-022.pdf

4.      Winckelmann, A. (2012). ' Stealing as a moral feature in animal stories: A comparative analysis of "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" and "The Wind in the Willows" GREN Verlag.

5.      https://freekidsbooks.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Peter-Rabbit-FKB-Kids-Stories.pdf

 

 

Managing Change in Healthcare

 

1. Introduction

The article is discussing managing change in healthcare and how change management is related to handling its complexity. The article focuses on the strategies and tactics relevant to managing change as effective change means to unfreeze the old behaviors and applying new ones. Change is connected with competitive advantage so it is important to face the challenges that may work against it. It is important to set a clear vision about the needed change in order to reach successful change. Leaders should help all stakeholders apply change effectively and leaders have to share a vision for change, face the challenges to it and measure the change results to state how far it is successful. The current paper is relating the article to theories of change management, it also critically evaluates the point of view of the author with its strengths and weaknesses and discussing its positive and negative points and it also prevents the current paper's writer's point of view based on self-evaluation and relevant theories.

2. Content and Analysis

Kurt Lewin's change model is used to state how change can be applied in the business organization, change is applied through individuals in the organization and it requires to pass to change, the model has three phases which are the unfreezing phase that means to prepare for the change, the change phase that includes involving individuals into change and communicating it and the freeze phase where change should be applied and asserted. (Ali et al, 2017) The ADKAR model for change management depends on five main change concepts which are the Awareness concept and it refers to making people aware of change, the Desire concept that refers to raising people's desire towards applying change, Knowledge concept that focuses on learning techniques that are used to apply change, Action concept that includes involving the activities of change within action and applying them and Reinforcement that includes adding more actions to reinforce change. (Mary and Dijesh, 2017). Other theories of change is Kotter's eight step model of change as it includes eight steps of applying change which are creating sense of urgency, building a guiding coalition, forming strategic visions and initiatives, enlisting volunteer army, enabling actions by removing barriers, generating short term wins, sustaining acceleration and instituting change. (Appelbaum et al, 2011)

The author's opinion has strengths such as the author's opinion that change is a complex process that needs deep handling such as evaluation, planning and implementing different actions as change according to Penbek et al, (2012) is a very important action that requires many steps and phases to go through. The author also sees that promoting change is a difficult process that needs the manager to face different challenges and fight them by many strategies, this was assured by Nickols, (2016) who confirmed that there are many barriers to change management and those barriers are challenges that need planning and tactics to fight them. There are also weaknesses in the author's point of view such as when he mentioned that the ability to change is the only sustainable competitive advantage today as according to Johnson et al, (2016) there are many competitive advantage that can be sustainable such as innovation and creativity and others in addition to change of course so the author has to mention or refer to other factors. Another weakness is that the author only referred to Lewin's model of change management by referring to change management as unfreezing old behaviors without reference to Lewin's model, the author also had to mention other models to discuss change management.

Regarding my own point of view regarding change, change can be a process of moving from the application of certain culture with all its elements such as values, vision, goals, plans and needs to another completely different culture that involves completely different elements such as values, vision, goals, plans and needs and this requires deep and clear awareness for what, why and how changes are going to be applied and then the main lines should be set for all stakeholders who should express their opinions about the change in order to have full awareness of its benefits for them and for the organization in order to be convinced with changes and then the next step should be applying change that should be aligned with training and adding more information about change and its elements, the last stage should be focusing on sustainability in order not to waste the change culture that was gained and communicated.

3. Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to refer to the need to apply change in the business organization in order to develop it and reach competitiveness. Change management is very important and there are many models for applying it such as Kotter's model, Lewin's model and ADKAR's. The current article has strengths and weaknesses related to the author's opinion in change management. Change can be applied when the organization realizes how the models are understood and applied according to the organization's needs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

1. Alabri, R. (2007). 'Managing Change in Healthcare.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294155/
2. Ali, M. Hussain, S. Haider, M. Akram, T. Lei, S. (2017). ' Kurt Lewin’s change model: A critical review of the role of leadership and employee involvement in organizational change.' https://ac.els-cdn.com/S2444569X16300087/1-s2.0-S2444569X16300087-main.pdf?_tid=fe043b24-4e25-40f5-a010-79128c30bfc8&acdnat=1528599719_576eebe4aa3a37175a54423f0e30346b
3. Appelbaum, S. Habashy, S. Malo, J. Shafiq, H. (2011). ' Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.' https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/02621711211253231
4. Johnson, M. Murphy, T. Monahan, K. (2016). 'Humanizing Change.' https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/developing-more-effective-change-management-strategies/DR19_HumanizingStrategy.pdf
5. Mary, R. Dijish, J. (2017). ' Analysis of change models and evolving business strategies for proposed change in dynamic environment.' International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i3/IRJET-V4I3317.pdf
6. Nickols, F. (2016). 'Four Strategies to Managing Change.' http://www.nickols.us/four_strategies.pdf
7. Penbek, S. Zaptcioglu, D. Gunerergin, M. (2011). ' The need of effective strategic management during a planned change: An example of bologna change process from a Turkish university.' https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042811015990/1-s2.0-S1877042811015990-main.pdf?_tid=dba51d96-595b-45c5-9e8f-256723b42ba8&acdnat=1528531934_26d9dc720fc1e071527267d0717b5238

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Writing and Correcting a Composition about the Internet

 

Writing a composition for a student as an assignment requires the deep understanding of writing regulations and taking care of punctuation and grammar. It is essential, as well, to realize the importance of coherence and cohesion of clauses and statements by the writer in order to produce understandable texts containing relevant ideas and academic meaning. In this paper, there will be a discussion of the writing issue of a student supplied with an analysis to it.

Original text with mistakes

The internet became the most important thing in our world.  No one can do work without internet. There are many programs work by internet. Internet has many benefits of users.

 

 Using internet is losing time. We use internet in many ways. We can chat with people who are online .  And we use it because we don't know how we use our time. Internet is useful for us 

Nowdays Internet was part of learning in our schools, universities  and collages . We are searching for information in the internet.  If we have any question defficult we seach of about it. Internet had a classes online of some universitis. So its become a good envention and better than going to classes. 

Internet has many social Program like; Instgram, twiter, whatsapp and facebook. Thes programs make us more social with others and make relation ships . And that Programs tell us what s on  , what's new and what's happen in the world. In the internet we can shippengging online so we not need to go to the malls.

 

Using internet can effect in eyes, get headache and feeling sick.

 

Internet became the first Program to searching and learning online. People who use the internet is more socialiced. We should using internet in Few hours not all of aday to keep eyyes. And we should search useful information.     

Analysis 

The text has six main paragraphs. The first paragraph is an introduction that contains four main clauses. The start of the clauses lack thematic progression which makes the macro them weak, the author repeated the word internet without "the" which makes the hyper theme. According to Ghadessy, (1995) the macro them should have clauses that are embraced together to present one main strong clear idea the reader can understand. The second paragraph includes three main clauses that can represent the topic sentences of the essay presenting the hyper theme as weak as the micro theme because the first sentence includes many great mistakes making the reader puzzled as meanings are not in relation to each other making the ideas skimmed with low relevance. Using clausal nominalization is not proper as the author divided the last clause into two parts using the conjunction: "and" wrongly, punctuation is misused too in this clause and the sentences need to be more concise. The third paragraph has four main clauses that lacks effective nominalization, the cohesion of the sentences is poor as cohesive devices are not used effectively, for example, the writer uses "Nowadays" then following it with the past use of verb to be: "was" that should be "is" representing the present time. Coherence has no relationship with cohesion in the text as it has weak textual coherence; the writer gives meaningless sentences that are not correlated to form strong clauses, examples are in the use of the conjunction "If" as there is no modal verb in the second part of the sentence in addition to lacking the right punctuation marks for such a clause. The use of adjectives is poor too, for example: "question difficult" that should be" difficult question" which makes the sentence meaningless. The fourth paragraph includes many grammatical mistakes such as using: "program" instead of the plural form of the noun: programs". The use of punctuation marks is wrong as the writer leaves a space before the full stop in the last of the sentences, writes capital letters without need for them such as in ships . and And. Grammatical and spelling mistakes reduce coherence of the sentences and making them meaningless, for example: what s on, shippengging online and not need. The fifth paragraph is one only clause that should reflect the disadvantages of the internet but it presented them in poor words with mistakes such as using the word "internet" without "the" and using the noun: "effect" instead of the right use of the verb: "affect" without the preposition: "in". The last paragraph that should be the conclusion lacked the main cohesive device which is the concluding sentence: "In conclusion", this makes the meaning poor and can't attract the reader's attention that this is the concluding paragraph. Text connectors are not enough to tell the reader that this is the conclusion, giving advice needs to be asserted by more contracted nouns or adjectives that can give meaningful clauses in the final paragraph. (Dueraman, 2007)   

Number of words=497      

Rewritten text

The text will include only an introduction, three main paragraphs and a conclusion as follows:

The internet became the most important thing in the world as no one can work without it. There are many programs that work through the internet and there are many benefits users of the internet can get.

Using the internet can be timewasting as people use it in many ways such as chatting with people who are online without watching how much time they use it. Yet, the internet is useful in many ways. Nowadays, the internet is a part of learning in schools, universities and colleges. We look for information on the internet, search for difficult questions and there are classes for some universities on the internet which makes it a good invention that is better than going to classes. 

The internet has many social programs such as Instgram, twitter, whatsap and facebook; these programs make us more social with others and able to make relationships. These programs can tell us current news, new things and events happening in the world. On the internet, we can go shopping online so we don't need going to the malls anymore.

 

There are disadvantages for the internet as there are benefits too. Using the internet can passively affect eyes, cause headache and make people feel sick of using it for many hours.

In conclusion, the internet became the first program for searching and learning online. People who use the internet are more socialized. We should reduce hours of using the internet daily in order to keep eyes and we should use the internet for looking for useful information and learning.

Table of analysis

Clause	Type of participant	Type of circumstance	Type of process	Circumstance's role	Voice	Noun Groups
Using internet is losing time.	Actor Goal	Extended	Material	unmarked	Active	Internet Time
Nowdays Internet was part of learning in our schools, universities  and collages	Actor Goal	Cause	Verbal	Marked	Active	Internet Learning Schools Universities colleges
Internet had a classes online of some universitis. So its become a good envention and better than going to classes.	Actor Goal	Location	Material	Unmarked	Active	Internet Classes Universities Invention Classes
In the internet we can shippengging online so we not need to go to the malls.	Actor Goal	Location	Verbal	Marked	Active	Internet malls
Using internet can effect in eyes, get headache and feeling sick.	Actor Goal	Cause	Verbal	Marked	Active	Internet Eyes Headache Sick
We should using internet in Few hours not all of aday to keep eyyes. And we should search useful information.	Actor Goal	Extended	Verbal	Marked	Active	Internet Eyes Hours Information

 

Evaluation of rewriting

The essay was reconstructed and refined to perform the required modification that is capable of making it more plausible and meaningful to the readers. In the first paragraph, the conjunction: "as" was added before the sentence “no one can work without it” to make one string clause. The conjunction: "and" was used to join the two other sentences to make one correlated clause that has much coherence and can convey the meanings effectively. According to Choo, (2009) conjunctions are important for making strong clauses that are coherent as conjunctions are cohesive devices that can be used to make clauses effective. Paragraphs 2 and 3 were mixed together to make one strong paragraph that can convey meanings as the wrong sentence: "Internet is lossing time" was replaced with: "Using the internet can be timewasting." And the cohesive device "as" was used to join the two sentences together. Punctuation marks were corrected such as capital and small letters and the whole second clause was rewritten to be: "Nowadays, the internet is a part of learning in schools, universities and colleges." Spelling mistakes such as "collages", "enventions" and "universties" were corrected. The" If" clause was replaced with mixing it with the previous sentence to make stronger clause joined by "and" and "which" to make it a relative clause that can take the attention of the reader. Commas were added correctly to help the nominalization of the sentences become clearer and stronger. The writer used prepositions wrongly which was corrected, for example, using the preposition "on" with the internet instead of using the preposition: "in". Grammar mistakes such as "had" were omitted and expressions such as "there are" were used to present nominalization and declaring the hyper and macro theme. The third paragraph was rewritten to correct mistakes such as spelling mistakes: relation ships" to be: "relationships'", shppinging" to be" shopping" and grammar mistakes such as: "not need" were corrected to be: "don't need". According to Poudel, (2018) spelling and grammar mistakes reduces the cohesion of the text making it meaningless and poor as grammatical cohesion is very necessary to present a good text. The fourth paragraph was formed by adding another clause to the only clause it had which is:" There are disadvantages for the internet as there are benefits too." The clause that was already existing was rewritten and some words were added to it such as: "of using it for many hours." for making it meaningful. The last paragraph which is the conclusion was reformed and a cohesive device which is the concluding words: "In conclusion" was added at its beginning to take the attention of the reader that the essay is at its end. Prepositions were corrected as using: "for" instead of "to" with the verb searching. Sentences of advice were kept as they were with adding different words such as: "daily" instead of: "not all of a day." The conjunction: "and" was used to connect the sentences and make one strong clause in the end.       

                                                      

Number of words =496

Conclusion

 Finally, the writing of an essay needs more understanding of some rules from the writer part so he or she can make the text sound more meaningful and plausible to the reader who should feel excited when reading it and have the desire to complete it to the end. These rules are related to cohesion, coherence and cohesive devices from the one hand, and to grammar, spelling and punctuation from the other hand, so that the text can be more clear and strong.

References

1.      Goonaratna, C. (2014). Writing well (6) Wordiness, alias verbosity. Ceylon Medical Journal, 47(1), p.1.

2.      Laine, M. (2000). Semantic errors in a deep dyslexic. Neurocase, 6(2), pp.159a-159.

3.      Swift, M. (1981). Writing a Conclusion. ABCA Bulletin, 44(4), pp.19-21.

4.      E304B Book 3 (Managing communication flow: Textual meaning-making)

 

Balanced scorecard as a strategic planning tool

 

Part A

1-

A balanced scorecard is a strategic planning tool to help organizations evaluate their activities and performance according to .their vision and strategy..

Financial Hub: Contains purely financial objectives, such as return on investment, economic value added, product cost, profitability, cash flow, etc. Customer Hub: Customer is concerned with aspects related to customer service quality, market share, loyalty, and customer satisfaction, such as fulfilling their wishes by offering new products and services, or by improving service and responding to customer complaints and needs, etc. Internal Business Process: It is concerned with aspects of internal processes, such as the development of administrative business systems, cooperation between different departments and departments. Learning & Growth (Innovation) : Identifies the capabilities in which the organization must grow to achieve high-level internal processes that create value for customers and shareholders. (Bhimani,2010).

BSC serves as the cornerstone of the organization's current and future success, reversing financial metrics that report what happened in the past and does not indicate how to use it to improve future performance. It Link the organization's long-term strategy with its short-term activities. It enables the practical diagnosis and identification of new areas that should be characterized by the organization to achieve the objectives of the consumer and the organization. Demonstrates strategic vision,  and improves performance.

2-

BSC  helps Tesco monitor their development and their ability to innovate and innovate compared to other competitors. The four card activities are mutually supportive. Learning and development support internal processes and affect the quality of service and customer satisfaction, as well as the internal processes in turn affect the quality of service and customer satisfaction, all of which affect financial indicators. It is a communication tool to make the strategy clear to all employees of the Tesco. BSC is an organization-wide performance management system, more comprehensive than monitoring individual performance measurement and productivity. BSC balance  financial and non-financial aspects of Tesco. It achieve periodic performance reviews and learning to improve Tesco,  Introducing sustainability into the Tesco's operational processes, Enables the Tesco to manage the requirements of related parties , improves information flows, communicating and realizing  business objectives for all levels of the organization,  and Helps to apply effective HRM .

 

3-

The main concern of  the  Financial performance  measures is on  year-to-year or short-run rendering  according to the  accounting principles. Financial performance  measures don’t allow to deal with growth of customer requirements or competitors . Non-financial measures  able to back or reinforce  indirect, quantitative measures  of untouchable assets of the firm , for example ;  innovation, management capability , employee relationships , quality, and others , and these matters  can determine  the value of the firm . Non-financial measures provide supportive   showings  of coming financial performance . Moreover ,  the latest goal is maximizing   monetary  performance , present  monetary  measures wouldn’t  not get long-terms benefits   from specific decisions  . Non-financial information provide the wasted link between these successful activities  and monetary results by  providing  deep information on accounting or performance of shares  . it  face lower risks .Non-financial measures receive  Fewer external  noise, help in improving  performance of managers through providing precise assessment . In page  15 in strategic report,  the growth in the in the customer satisfaction  has increased by 0.3% to become  85.7%. Tesco is  a strong  driver  of social mobility.  The high dedication, and relentless of employees in Tesco leaded to support customer satisfaction . they developed its innovation such as Tesco app.  The designed  app which enable  employee to know their shifts, organize overtime and holiday.

4-

The strategic plan of Tesco creates presumptions  connecting to : the current economic climate and international economy; the organizational  defies  ; rival activities ; dynamics in market ; altering in customer conducts ; and the expenses of delivering the plan. There are  four scenarios have been set . there was assumption  in these scenarios  that repayment will be done for  outer debt in the  due time that contains consolidation of the Booker and related synergies. The scenarios have been put in order to overcome  the risks  that threaten the viability of Tesco.  There are  many opportunities  are obtainable to the Tesco for maintaining liquidity for going ahead in its business such as: reaching to new outer funding prematurely; more progressive short-run cost minimizing activities ; and minimizing capital expenditure.  According to  scenarios, the managers  have a plausible  predications that the Tesco will go ahead to process and pay its debts .

 

Part B

Budgets help the business to access their goals . it manage  and arrange processes in various divisions.(Alkaraan ,2006).Budgets interpret strategy of  the executives  into actual activities  . They allocate and define the resources, revenue, and needed operations to implement   the strategy  . It is vital  provide amazing  record of different  processes  of the firm. It  improve communication with employees. Budgets improve  resources allocating  . It  provide a instrument  for corrective procedures through reapportionment . furthermore  , budgets  have many limitations such as : when the manager implement  budgets in   automatically way   the employees will leave the work  because of   low of  involvement. If   the  managers put budgets in indiscriminately top down, employees cannot realize the purposes for budgeted costs, and will not be adhered to them. Budgets result in  realizing   the cause of inequity  . budget create competition  for resources. A powerful  system of  budget result in reduce creativity and innovation, making  it impossible  to obtain cash for new ideas. The issue of implementing the goals can be negatively affected by  interfering  sides  of budgets system.  In line with GAAP , the effective budgeting make the achieving of goals as difficult but not impossible  . therefore  , the strategic  managers who realize budgets and how to use them own powerful control tool for fulfilling  departmental and divisional goals. Inaccuracy is limitation of budgets. Budgeting  rely on various  assumptions to expect  the expenses and revenues that enable the manager to take precautions  such as changing in desires in   market. It provide manager with information about  with the chances and risks . changes in the macroeconomic condition like inflation   can increase  the expenses that are greater than  the expenses in budget  . It  consume more time and efforts.  Another disadvantage of it is  Rigidity as  there is specific numbers and amounts can’t be changed  as there is no flexibility   and this lead to  manipulation 

Part c

Capital budgeting is considered as the operations a company make in order to assess prospect basic projects or investments such as establishing new factory  that must be analyzed before accepting  or rejecting it because it need huge capital. (Horngren,2008). there are four steps  that relate to the capital budgeting process in order to accept or reject to the idea of the project.  The first step  is  Capital Project Ideas in order to generate  idea of project that can said  by the administration or workers  or strangers . the second step is assessing every venture proposal for lucrativeness as the profitability is considered as the basis  that push the finance director to accept or reject the project through calculating  NPV/IRR. The third step is  Prioritizing  lucrative ventures  according to the Firm-wide venture  as the company can start specific project  and delay another profitable project according to its strategy . the feedback and evolution is the fourth step  , when the take decision of  capital budgeting  , they should monitor their performance .

References

Bhimani, A. and Bromwich, M. (2010) Management accounting: retrospect and prospect, CIMA Publishing, London.

Horngren, C., Datar, S. and Foster, G. (2008) Management and Cost Accounting, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow.

Alkaraan, F. and Northcott, D. (2006)  ‘ Strategic capital investment decision  making: a role for emergent analysis tools? , The British Accounting Review, vol. 38,  pp. 149 – 173.