E301B

Introduction

Literary texts have been improving throughout times and gave rise to complex and Implicatures widely. Meanings within texts are various and different in functions as well as the different levels of literariness. The linguistic levels can show how good a literary text is and gives a good chance for assessing and evaluating literary texts according to many measurements. The current assignment is discussing literary texts rise up throughout history and the various levels that signifies the texts quality according to the violation of maxims as Grice and others suggested in addition to discussing the semantics and meanings of texts and how to judge the quality of literary texts through assessing and evaluating literary texts.

Body

Violating Grice's maxims

Quantity, quality, relation and manners are all among the maxims that when are violated by authors in writing literary texts, creativity abilities appear to strengthen the nature of such texts and improve their complex. Grice suggested that words have functions that differ according to the meanings speakers mean by saying the words in different situations which provides a wide range of meaning usage by words. Implicature was late presented by Grice to improve the theory of meanings he suggested then he suggested his cooperative principle of conversations so it was his maxims that are to be violated by as many people as possible so as to produce new understandings of the words and different meanings for one word or one phrase so as not to measure a word or a phrase from one only perspective but to find out new meanings that makes literary texts more distinguished and expressive. The interpretation process depends on relating different maxims to each other whether by violating maxims or by not violating them at all and just take the simple meanings and direct meanings of words. Speakers can suggest the different implicatures of words by their intentions while speaking but this also refers to how the listeners can get the meanings or being unable to get them as they are meant by the speakers. Implicatures as suggested by Grice can be made by many elements such as metaphors, parallelism, deviation and foregrounding. In literature, violating those maxims results in different creative figures of speech which raises the texts quality and provides unique texts that differ from a writer to another and that distinguish a literary age from another and this violation is the tool that produces poetry, verse and all images that can be recreated throughout times to enrich the literature and give authors chances to be creative.  (Grice, 1975)

Literature in readers' minds

Thinking has many ways by which people can learn and know what literature is such as defining it according to the text inherent features as the language functions can vary to provide deviation or parallelism. Functions also can signify the texts' nature such as the poetic features that reform and re-evaluate the text to produce it with new and more creative roles. There is also the cognitive approach which provides a broad space for studying the psychological sides and the processes that minds of readers have when a reader reads or listens to a literary text as this approach depends on how readers receive texts, understand them and evaluate them by their minds to judge their levels of literary quality. Readers minds can be good tools of evaluation as readers who read literary texts whether they are poems, novels or whatever literary works they belong to can have each reader's own imaginary contexts which can be given to readers through the hidden meanings that lie behind the concrete meanings of words but being within a literary work is what attracts readers to look for more deep or hidden meanings behind a word. Readers receive the non-literary texts and understand them directly which cannot happen with the complex literary works carrying lots of meanings. Reading any text which is not supposed to be a piece of literature is a process that use directions of language that describe reality and not imagination as meanings in such texts do not change even if the texts themselves were reordered which is a matter that do not happen in literary texts as reality is not a reference sought in literary texts. Literary texts attract the attention of readers by the images and the word plays that interest and attract special readers' minds.

(Arab Open University, The Art of English: literary creativity and its readings. Units1 and 2)

Literariness in literary and non-literary texts

Literariness is not only poetry but all fiction works that are based on a poetic language of images, imagination, figures and deep meanings are literariness elements yet non- literary texts can also be included among elements of literariness. According to many researchers as Carter, there are features found in literary and non-literary texts such as medium independence, text patterning, semantic density and others and the literary texts include more features than the non-literary ones. To detect the literariness levels in a text, this can be happen by focusing on text patterning or the semantic patterning. An author who is good can employ literariness in his works properly so as to add great literary value to the text by using literariness levels and poetic elements to enhance meanings. Literary value can be assessed and evaluated by finding the text literary form and its non-literary form and how they are related to each other, as there should be a balance between these two elements. According to Bradford, closure resistance is a tool for evaluating literary texts according to each text value which could be measured by studying the text poetic elements and how they are related to the concrete text. Texts production is a process that requires high quality stylistic tools so as to choose a suitable stylistic form for a literary text by selecting the main linguistic elements which raise the text literariness and literary value as words, semantics and syntax, then meanings can differ according to the codes produced by such elements and this what makes a literary text more valuable than another one. Having special effects on a text can be caused by styling and this effect can be easily then conveyed to the readers as styling can lead to having meanings in the texts which cannot be made by other technique of adding effects. (Widdowson, 1975)

The poetic function

Improving the value of a literary text includes adding poetic function to it so as to enrich the language and add the required effects on readers so as to look for what is hidden behind words' meanings. The poetic function also can add effects to non-literary texts in order to attract the listeners with expressions that leave effects on their minds directly and indirectly. Repeating elements is a basic feature of poetic functions and this could occur to rhyme, words or any other text elements in order to produce extra meanings. The existence of the poetic function should not be more than other functions existence such as the referential function for example so that texts cannot be very hard to reach the readers. Language and context should be related to each other in a text with the balance that readers need. The poetic language uses metaphors and images to arouse readers' eagerness to think of more meanings of a word. Yet metaphors should not be presented solely within a literary text, conceptual representation must be taken into consideration of authors when it comes to add metaphors ad images. Judging a text according to what it carries of poetic elements and how the poetic function plays a role in raising the value of the text requires skills of analyzing the text and learning how it is written and formed into linguistic patterns, how it is balanced between literary and non literary elements and how it is valued by readers themselves.    

Conclusion

The current assignment dealt with literary texts that give rise to implicatures and how violating the maxims can help adding more value to the literary texts. The literariness is a very important concept in literary as it can tell how good a text is and it can provide the authors with the chance to produce more valuable texts with the required effects on readers by changing meanings and add deeper effects on words and semantics. Syntax and phonology use is also a helping factor in producing better texts as well as using the metaphors and the poetic language which should be carefully used by authors so as not to devalue their texts when the metaphors are not properly used.

chronically ill children

Chronically ill children are those children who have any one of the known chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cancer or others and it is known that a chronic illness is that kind of disease that lasts for a long time that is recorded by researchers and medical studies by staying for more than three months in long and it can't be totally cured so it has many complications and effects that harm the child with a chronic illness and this affects the family who owns a child suffering a chronic illness. 

There are many trends in dealing with a chronically ill child such as the following ones: 
1.School care
This should be done by teachers, nurses at school, parents and other workers in the school who should be aware of how to deal with the chronically ill child physically and psychologically as there should be monitoring for the child in order to avoid injuries and harms in addition to helping the child cope with his condition and receive his education easily. The school administration should also be careful that the child may be absent for long times as a result of long periods of hospitalization. The school nurse has an important role in providing care for the chronically ill child and explaining the case to teachers and managers at school. 
2. Nursing care 
nursing care should depend on the type of illness the child suffers, the type of treatment he receives and the individual needs of each child. Nurses should be careful of the medicament the child takes and there should be daily or weekly home visitations for the child in order to keep following his treatment. 

Yankee Fork and Hoe Company Case Study

 Questions for analysis

Question 1:

Comment on the forecasting system being used by Yankee. Suggest changes or improvements that you believe are justified.

Answer:

There are several weaknesses of current forecasting system: Using only Qualitative analysis., forecasting figures are based on the meetings with managers, no mathematical technique is involved, benefits: quick forecast & advantage of experience of each manager. Demerits are : forecast tend to be over inflated .

Suggestion:

Implementation of quantitative method like seasonality technique with linear trend equation2.

Using actual shipment figure, instead of actual demand figures.

Marketing forecast is based on actual shipment data.

Trying to adjust for shortages in actual shipment data by anticipated promotions and environmental and economical changes.

Suggestion:

Focus on past demand to project future demand.

Forecasting based on actual demand will help production department to schedule the production line more effectively.

Provide a clearer picture to project realistic volume.

Create more sales and revenue for the company when anticipating the upward trend of demand.

Prevent losses when anticipated downward trend in the market.3.

Lack of communication between Production and Marketing department

Both do not have accurate forecasting system and have different perception for the same.

Production department think that marketing department over inflates forecast.

Marketing generate unfaithful forecasts by adjusting past shipment and not predicting future demands.

To maintain low-cost production, the long-term purchasing agreement is needed in order to keep the price low for the raw material from suppliers but having it just there is the price to pay for the company.

Suggestions

Marketing should develop a forecasting system that reflects both past shortages and future expected demands.

Meeting between the two should conduct at the end of each month.

Both departments should adjust the anticipated demand monthly to avoid unexpected changes in the economy and shortage of the raw material.4.

Marketing division may not be optimistic.

Delay delivery problem was caused due to low productivity of production department.

Current production is not sufficient to serve customer needs as it is based

on “adjusted forecast”.

Production capacity seemed not to be a problem as rake head & bow could be produced 7,000 & 5,000 units per day respectively, compared to the highest sales record in the last 4 years (month 11 year 1) at 83,269 units.

Inappropriate inventory management was the major cause of unproductive production.

Question 2:

Develop your own forecast for bow rakes for each month of the next year (year 5). Justify your forecast and the method you used.1.

Answer:

Naïve method

Naïve forecasts are the most cost-effective and efficient objective forecasting model, and provide a benchmark against which more sophisticated models can be compared. For stable time series data, this approach says that the forecast for any period equals the previous period's actual value.2.

Moving average method

Moving average techniques forecast demand by calculating an average of actual demands from a specified number of prior periods. Each new forecast drops the demand in the oldest period and replaces it with the demand in the most recent period; thus, the data in the calculation "moves" over time

Weighted moving average method

When using a moving average method described before, each of the observations used to compute the forecasted value is weighted equally. In certain cases, it might be beneficial to put more weight on the observations that are closer to the

time period being forecast. When this is done, this is known as a weighted moving average technique. The weights in a weighted MA must sum to 1.4.

Conclusion

The table gives us the Four-Year Demand History for the Bow Rake and the demand figures are the number of units promised for delivery each month. Hence we could not forecast using the exponential smoothing and the trend adjusted exponential smoothing.  There was no linear increasing or decreasing trend that was evident hence trend analysis for linear trends had to be avoided. By analyzing the data provided we could observe a parabolic trend and season variations with demand increasing during the first 4 months and last 4 months. Using all the different techniques for forecasting and taking into considerations the error associated with each we could conclude that the multiplicative model was the best forecasting technique.

            

Change resistance

Change resistance is a big problem that may face any business organization that is applying a specific type of change as change implementation requires high efficiency from the side of the organization as before applying any change there are many questions that need to be asked such as: how far the change can be successive? Why the organization is applying this change and what reasons lie behind this? Will employees accept and engage with this change? To what extent will this occur? Will there be any resistance? Who will resist such change and why? What can the organization do for facing the resistance to change?

These questions are helpful for the business organization because they can reveal many things and solve many problems that may occur if change was applied without preparation so the first step that should be applied before implementing change is preparing for the change and checking that all parts of the organization are ready for applying such a change in addition to making sure that change can be applied by a systematic way.

This can be made by choosing a special change model and follow it and there are many models such as for example, ADKAR model that depends on five main steps for applying change which are awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement and each of them refers to the way the organization prepares for change, there are other models such as Lewin's model which involves three main stages which are unfreezing that reflects preparing for change, change that means to apply change and refreezing which means to stress the success of change application. By following a change management model, the organization can succeed in the type of change it is intending to apply as this will force managers to make analysis and studies about employees' reactions for the change and at the same time, they will be prepared for applying the change properly in order to raise the organizational efficiency.    

Importance of Games in Learning English as a Foreign Language

Games are usually defined as a fun tool which is used for encouraging both teachers and students to break the ice at a time of getting bored or at the beginning of a lesson. According to Byrne (1995), games are some kind of playing which have rules to control them, they are not just a method for making a nice atmosphere in the classroom yet they are a fun that everyone enjoys and at the same time they could be a strategy that involves students in the learning process and into language using through the game. As to Jill Hadfield (1990), he gave a definition for games to be a ruled activity which has goals and fun elements. Gibbs(1974) defined games as an activity that involves co-operation and competition among decision makers who desire reaching some goals through following some rules. There are many factors within games as goals, rules, relaxing competition and learning as a specific point and getting into educational issues. They could be tools for helping students to learn and teachers to make the educational process much more enjoyable and easier. Any classroom game has rules which needs to be explained before beginning the game. Using games in EFL classes needs to be well explained so as to be understood by students and not being puzzling for them. Rules should be simply explained and they shouldn't be too many. When presenting games in EFL classes, it is good to use demonstrations so as to allow students to follow the games rules accurately and not to find it hard or puzzling. If they do not understand the game and its rules, they may feel bored with it and have no benefits at last. The best game to be presented for students must be a competitive one and has encouraging elements so competition is highly needed so that students can share in the game eagerly and with success motivations so as to solve problems or beat teams and get higher scores. Fun is a good factor for pleasing the students involved in the game or even watching it but learning is the main focus in fact as learning through games allows students to learn new vocabulary, pronunciation, letters and grammatical points that they do not easily forget. So we can at last define games as a group of elements of learning provided to students in a relaxing form of a game which is enjoying and beneficial at the same time. 

Teachers are lucky with this matter as there are a good number of language games with a variety of types to choose from. EFL classes has special nature as most teachers and students of EFL classes see games as a tool for warming up, a reward , a wrap up at the end of the lesson or a filling items in extra time periods. The teachers of EFL classes employ them as a fun aid but not for real work. Schools in which English is presented as a foreign language do not believe in including games as a teaching method. This perspective reduces the effectiveness of game using in EFL classes which makes deciding the proper type of game a dilemma that teachers find challenges when they do it (Rodilla 2012) Each class has its nature and characteristics as well as each lesson or grammatical point so teachers should concentrate when choosing the proper game for a specific class or a specific language point as there are factors they have to consider while choosing the game. The first factor is the level of the game and the language level of students, games should be selected carefully according to the class level, its purposes and the curriculum contents. Student characters also must be taken into consideration as they may be very serious students, old, young, open- minded or not, funny and mastering the language according to their level or not. Choosing the time is another factor as it is important to know when to use and what game to choose at this specific time. Another important factor is the motivation of teachers themselves to play and get into the game and having the ability of leadership in a game or to assign a student to master the game instead. In EFL classes, games sometimes may be difficult for students so teachers have to modify them to be suitable for the students' level. In EFL classes games must be well used so as not to be a waste of time and students think it is time for making troubles in class or for joking.   

To conclude, it is important to mention that games are very important as they could be defined as tools for engaging student in the learning process and letting them acquire language experiences easily and in a funny way. Deciding the proper game is a process which requires effort from teachers as there are factors for this process. The next chapter will discuss the advantages of using games in EFL classes and reasons for using them.

Pygmalion...........How does Shaw mark the differences between his characters through their speech?

Introduction

Pygmalion is a great play that Bernard Shaw wrote in order to highlight society classes at that time, the play contains a variety of classes of society differentiated using many tools one of which is language as accents, dialects and slangs showed characters' classes.

Body

1.  An example on using language and slangs to point to one's social class is in Act two when Eliza was asked about her name by Higgins and she answered in a way that shows how she comes from a low class of society as the dialogue was :

" HIGGINS. What's your name?

THE FLOWER GIRL. Liza Doolittle.

HIGGINS [declaiming gravely] Eliza, Elizabeth, Betsy and Bess, They went to the woods to get a birds nes': PICKERING. They found a nest with four eggs in it: HIGGINS. They took one apiece, and left three in it.

They laugh heartily at their own wit.

LIZA. Oh, don't be silly.

MRS. PEARCE. You mustn't speak to the gentleman like that."

This dialogue shows how vulgar and rude Eliza is to the extent that she cannot say her name correctly. The dialogue also shows that Mr. Higgins comes from a high class of society who are very interested in correct pronunciation and who make fun of lower people without caring for their feelings. Liza's words "Don't be silly" show how rude she is and that she does not choose words when talking with gentlemen.

Another quote from act two tells that accents tell what class people belong to :

"PICKERING [gently] What is it you want, my girl?

THE FLOWER GIRL. I want to be a lady in a flower shop stead of selling at the corner of Tottenham Court Road. But they won't take me unless I can talk moregenteel. He said he could teach me. Well, here I am ready to pay him—not asking any favor—and he treats me as if I was dirt."

 Her way of pronouncing the word gentle as "genteel" shows that she does not know the correct way of talking or the right English pronunciation which is a feature of low social classes people whose slangs are not as the correct English language that high class people use.

2. The use of slangs distinguish the youth from the old as Eliza for example uses free language which makes Higgins attracted to her because he sees that this is an experiment that he enjoys and likes. Words of the young are usually different from those of older people, for example in act three Eliza was using a new fashionable slang that attracted everyone even Higgins who began to dislike the wayMrs. Higgins talked, this was clear in the way she talked formally with Higgins as she said:

"MRS. HIGGINS. Well, you never fall in love with anyone under forty-five. When will you discover that there are some rather nice-looking young women about?

HIGGINS. Oh, I can't be bothered with young women. My idea of a loveable woman is something as like you as possible. I shall never get into the way of seriously liking young women: some habits lie too deep to be changed. [Rising abruptly and walking about, jingling his money and his keys in his trouser pockets] Besides, they're all idiots.

While Eliza words and slang was showing how youthful she is as when she said:

"LIZA [darkly] My aunt died of influenza: so they said.

MRS. EYNSFORD HILL [clicks her tongue sympathetically]!!!

LIZA [in the same tragic tone] But it's my belief they done the old woman in.

MRS. HIGGINS [puzzled] Done her in?

LIZA. Y-e-e-e-es, Lord love you! Why should she die of influenza? She come through diphtheria right enough the year before. I saw her with my own eyes. Fairly blue with it, she was. They all thought she was dead; but my father he kept ladling gin down her throat til she came to so sudden that she bit the bowl off the spoon.

3. Characters in Pygmalion have different ways of speaking which distinguishes every character with some specific features of speaking. For example, Higgins used to swear too much with the devil and say Damn which distinguishes him from any other character in the play, he also used to make exclamations by saying words like:" Oh Lord". Doolittle's character was also distinguished by saying short sentences as: "governor", "I never did", "so help me". "Certainly", "I'll come. Liza's way of speaking was also distinguished by words as : "Yeeeeeeeeeeees", "Nah", "Oh", "Ah, ah, ah, Ow, ow, oo".

Conclusion

Language could be used by authors in their works to identify people's characters, social classes and to refer to the character formation, conflicts and attitudes. Bernard Shaw was very successful in Pygmalion as he figured his characters through their language use, the slangs and dialects of each one.

TWO TEXTS ANALYSIS ARAB OPEN UNIVERSITY

Introduction

English language has many functional frameworks which are used for interpreting texts, the written texts, they have different interpretations regarding the contexts they are written in. Analyzing texts show many aspects such as opinions and attitudes of writers, their cultural backgrounds and how far they are acknowledged about what they are writing about. This TMA is trying to analyze two texts from two different magazines about the same topic. The first is from Kuwait Times and the other is from New York Times and will be analyzed using the functional grammar framework trying to compare the two texts and discussing each one according to their field, tenor and mode.

Task1

 (selection of texts)

Choose two newspaper Editorials on the same event/topic one from a newspaper/magazine published in English in Britain or the United States and one from an Arab newspaper/magazine published in English (e. g. Kuwait Times, Gulf Times, etc.).

Two texts were chosen and signed.

Task2(500 words)

Perform a register analysis of the two texts.  In other words, you should show how the social roles and relationships (tenor), subject matter (field) and the nature of the text as a communicative event (mode) influence particular aspects of grammar and vocabulary in each text.

Text 1

Clauses are underlined.

KUWAIT TIMES

Jonas Brothers on Break-Up: We won’t leave fans in the lurch

 31/10/2013 

The Jonas Brothers said that they will not complete the album they were working on at the time of their break-up, but promised to do something for their fans during an appearance on “Good Morning America” on Wednesday morning. The group will release four songs from their now aborted fifth album and will combine them with live tracks from their summer concert appearances. They will give that music to their fan club members.

“We do not want to just leave without giving them back something,” Kevin Jonas said. The news of the split has left the Jonas faithful stunned, ever since the boys canceled a 19-date tour earlier this month just a few days before it was set to begin. They reflected with host Robin Roberts about their reasons for separating after eight years making hit music together, noting that it had a lot to do with differences over the band’s sound. “It was time and for us it took some time getting there, but we feel like it’s time that the Jonas Brothers comes to an end,” Kevin said.

Nick said he was the one who initiated the discussion about a possible breakup. “We’re family first, and that’s always been our main priority, and so honesty within what we do as a group was really important,” Nick said. “In a nutshell, I said, ‘I feel like we’ve had some complications within the new group for a long time without addressing them. I think this train will fall off the tracks without getting real about some of the limitations and some of the concerns that we may feel as individuals and within the group,’ “he added. “We felt like it was starting to get stale to us,” Joe said. “It was just individual things that we were butting heads about, whether it was a way to set up the music video to even personal opportunities, and at some point we decided that it was best to finish this.”—Reuters

Words "Content"	148
Clauses	13
Lexical Density	11,3

The text was written in English but the writer is an Arabic writer, density of the text is not very strong despite it is a written text.  Regarding the text field there could be a kind of social content. The writer is writing for Arab audience so this is clear as the Arab audience are less interested in music bands which is clear in the boring feelings of the writer towards the issue he was writing about. It seems with little communicative purpose and little explaining for the event which is clear from the number of quotations as the writer's article is full of quotations. The writer does not have enough information to write about concerning the topic which is clear as the writer did not use stated details about the Jonas Brothers Break up. The mode in this text represents having neither enough knowledge about the event nor personal attitudes or reactions of the writer himself.  vocabulary were used in a very weak way which tells the writer is not sure of the information he tries to present as he used promised, something, possible break up and differences.  The text'stenor is very weak as it lacks enthusiasm to the event or the music at all as the writer did not present explicit messages to the reader about his beloved band or about his own opinion of the event of break up the Jonas band which confirms the idea that Arab people are not those who are interested mostly in hit music.

Text2 Clauses are underlined.

New York Times

October 10, 2013, 1:31 pm 7 Comments

Jonas Brother Against Brother (Against Brother); Tour Canceled

By ALLAN KOZINN

The Jonas Brothers were to have played the first of 19 concerts in a North American tour on Friday in Upper Darby, Pa., but they may break up instead. At the very least, the tour, which was to include a concert at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan on Oct. 23, has been scuttled because of what the group’s spokesman, Jesse Derris, described to People magazine as “a deep rift within the band” and “a big disagreement over their musical direction.”

The group’s differences seem to have erupted fairly suddenly: as of Tuesday, the  trio — Kevin, Joe and Nick Jonas — was still promoting its tour on its Twitter feed, and on Wednesday, the group performed at We Day, a children’s charity event in St. Paul,Minn. Not long after their performance ended, though, the singer-songwriter Bonnie McKee, who was to have toured with the Jonases, posted a note on Twitter that read: “Hey guys sad 2 say my tour w @jonasbrothers has been canceled!”

By noon on Thursday, Ticketmaster has posted red cancellation notes on the group’s tour dates.

TMZ reported on Wednesday that the group had an explosive fight during the weekend over which of several newly recorded songs should be released. The problem for the band, TMZ reported, is that the songs are in a variety of pop and hard rock styles, and the brothers were unable to agree on which represented the direction that planned to take.

Tickets for the canceled shows will be refunded.

Words "Content"	110
Clauses	15
Lexical Density	9

The text is of not very strong density but it has good number of relative clauses. The field here is presenting a vivid social content which is rich of detailed information with dates and not very many quotations as text1. It is an informative telling text which has many things to tell as it is addressing the people of America who are crazy about this kind of music and such bands. The writer has his information from specific resources such as the spokesman of the Jonas band and he dated many of the events he mentioned exactly. He spoke about the songwriters as the public are recognized with them which is a native feeling of the native music. As to the mode, it depends on phrases and clauses the writer used professionally to show how much he is specialized in music writing as he mentioned names of places where musical concerts are held such as "Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan". Its communicative purpose is to tell the American audience specific information about the events that the band is involved in like the charity event and about the information about the break up. Grammatical contexts are flowing easily in an American language  as the writer did not tend to used many relative clauses. The tenor is representing coherent text with American the writer did not directly represent his own opinion or impose it but he professionally showed it through his wide knowledge background such as telling from TMZ, Twitter, Ticketmaster and people Magazine which shows how much he is personally and professionally interested in the event.

Task3(500 words)

In this task you should compare the two editorial texts suggesting reasons for, and effects of, the differences (i.e. differences in views, ideas, positions, attitudes, assessment, etc. of the same event/topic).

The two texts are about the same event which is the break up of the Jonas Brother musical band. Although the two texts were written about the same topic and tended to discuss the same event, there are great differences between them. The first text written in Kuwait Times seems to be a text of quotations appearing to be written by a writer who was fearing from writing about the topic or lacking the needed background that's why it seemed to be a weak text not expressing opinions nor addressing a specific audience who are interested in music. As the writer was an Arabic writer, he seemed not interested in the band or I the hit music of that kind, the people he is addressing are also Arabs who are not in fact interested in Jonas Brother band information or may be not interested in such a kind of music the fact that let me inquire what made the writer choose such a topic and write about? May be he did not find the right topic or event to write about or he was asked to write about it but lacked information. However, the writer did not used much information from his own to be discussed unless some sentences stating the event. His ideas about the event were not certain or clear. The second text which is striking the reader after reading the first one, the writer seems to challenge himself presenting vivid informative text full of details about the band activities and their reasons possible for the break up choosing different points of views such as the words of the songwriter Bonnie McKee as well as showing vast knowledge from following news about the band on different magazines and on social websites such as Twitter. As any American or as people who live in America, the writer seemed interested in the music band event and how the band will refund people the money they paid for the cancelled show which tell us the readers may be involved in the events and are waiting for their money for the cancelled show to be back to them. Native attitudes are clear enough through naming places such as Manhattan and St. Paul, Minn. The text is saying the opinions neutrally but intelligently which is a known American style. The writer seemed interested himself without giving direct words to confirm his own interest yet it is a fact that he was following the event's news on Twitter at least. May be he is a fan of the band. The American interest in money is clear as the writer guarantees his readers' rights in getting their money back after the cancellation of the show. The writer shows good musical knowledge as mentioned different musical styles such as hard rock and pop music styles. The writer was accurate in presenting dated information with mentioning the date and the day of the events such as the charity event being on Wednesday and the North American tour on Friday as well as Manhattan concert on the 23rd of October. In fact the comparison between the two text weakened the first one more than the amount of weakness it has.

Appendix

Scheme for register analysis

Aspects of Situation	Text1	Text2
Field	The Jonas Brothers said that they will not complete the album they were working on	The Jonas Brothers were to have played the first of 19 concerts in a North American tour on Friday in Upper Darby, Pa., but they may break up instead.
Tenor	They reflected with host Robin Roberts about their reasons for separating after eight years making hit music together,	the group performed at We Day, a children’s charity event in St. Paul, Minn. Not long after their performance ended
Mode	Tickets for the canceled shows will be refunded.	Information is not enough

Nimber of words used:  1125

References

• Arab Open University, Reader1 and 2. Book2. Inside English: Interpreting texts.
• http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/jonas-brother-against-brother-against-brother-tour-canceled/?_r=0
• http://www.grammarly.com/handbook/organization-and-development/text-level-measurements-adequate-writing/2/lexical-density/