E301B

Introduction

Literary texts have been improving throughout times and gave rise to complex and Implicatures widely. Meanings within texts are various and different in functions as well as the different levels of literariness. The linguistic levels can show how good a literary text is and gives a good chance for assessing and evaluating literary texts according to many measurements. The current assignment is discussing literary texts rise up throughout history and the various levels that signifies the texts quality according to the violation of maxims as Grice and others suggested in addition to discussing the semantics and meanings of texts and how to judge the quality of literary texts through assessing and evaluating literary texts.

Body

Violating Grice's maxims

Quantity, quality, relation and manners are all among the maxims that when are violated by authors in writing literary texts, creativity abilities appear to strengthen the nature of such texts and improve their complex. Grice suggested that words have functions that differ according to the meanings speakers mean by saying the words in different situations which provides a wide range of meaning usage by words. Implicature was late presented by Grice to improve the theory of meanings he suggested then he suggested his cooperative principle of conversations so it was his maxims that are to be violated by as many people as possible so as to produce new understandings of the words and different meanings for one word or one phrase so as not to measure a word or a phrase from one only perspective but to find out new meanings that makes literary texts more distinguished and expressive. The interpretation process depends on relating different maxims to each other whether by violating maxims or by not violating them at all and just take the simple meanings and direct meanings of words. Speakers can suggest the different implicatures of words by their intentions while speaking but this also refers to how the listeners can get the meanings or being unable to get them as they are meant by the speakers. Implicatures as suggested by Grice can be made by many elements such as metaphors, parallelism, deviation and foregrounding. In literature, violating those maxims results in different creative figures of speech which raises the texts quality and provides unique texts that differ from a writer to another and that distinguish a literary age from another and this violation is the tool that produces poetry, verse and all images that can be recreated throughout times to enrich the literature and give authors chances to be creative.  (Grice, 1975)

Literature in readers' minds

Thinking has many ways by which people can learn and know what literature is such as defining it according to the text inherent features as the language functions can vary to provide deviation or parallelism. Functions also can signify the texts' nature such as the poetic features that reform and re-evaluate the text to produce it with new and more creative roles. There is also the cognitive approach which provides a broad space for studying the psychological sides and the processes that minds of readers have when a reader reads or listens to a literary text as this approach depends on how readers receive texts, understand them and evaluate them by their minds to judge their levels of literary quality. Readers minds can be good tools of evaluation as readers who read literary texts whether they are poems, novels or whatever literary works they belong to can have each reader's own imaginary contexts which can be given to readers through the hidden meanings that lie behind the concrete meanings of words but being within a literary work is what attracts readers to look for more deep or hidden meanings behind a word. Readers receive the non-literary texts and understand them directly which cannot happen with the complex literary works carrying lots of meanings. Reading any text which is not supposed to be a piece of literature is a process that use directions of language that describe reality and not imagination as meanings in such texts do not change even if the texts themselves were reordered which is a matter that do not happen in literary texts as reality is not a reference sought in literary texts. Literary texts attract the attention of readers by the images and the word plays that interest and attract special readers' minds.

(Arab Open University, The Art of English: literary creativity and its readings. Units1 and 2)

Literariness in literary and non-literary texts

Literariness is not only poetry but all fiction works that are based on a poetic language of images, imagination, figures and deep meanings are literariness elements yet non- literary texts can also be included among elements of literariness. According to many researchers as Carter, there are features found in literary and non-literary texts such as medium independence, text patterning, semantic density and others and the literary texts include more features than the non-literary ones. To detect the literariness levels in a text, this can be happen by focusing on text patterning or the semantic patterning. An author who is good can employ literariness in his works properly so as to add great literary value to the text by using literariness levels and poetic elements to enhance meanings. Literary value can be assessed and evaluated by finding the text literary form and its non-literary form and how they are related to each other, as there should be a balance between these two elements. According to Bradford, closure resistance is a tool for evaluating literary texts according to each text value which could be measured by studying the text poetic elements and how they are related to the concrete text. Texts production is a process that requires high quality stylistic tools so as to choose a suitable stylistic form for a literary text by selecting the main linguistic elements which raise the text literariness and literary value as words, semantics and syntax, then meanings can differ according to the codes produced by such elements and this what makes a literary text more valuable than another one. Having special effects on a text can be caused by styling and this effect can be easily then conveyed to the readers as styling can lead to having meanings in the texts which cannot be made by other technique of adding effects. (Widdowson, 1975)

The poetic function

Improving the value of a literary text includes adding poetic function to it so as to enrich the language and add the required effects on readers so as to look for what is hidden behind words' meanings. The poetic function also can add effects to non-literary texts in order to attract the listeners with expressions that leave effects on their minds directly and indirectly. Repeating elements is a basic feature of poetic functions and this could occur to rhyme, words or any other text elements in order to produce extra meanings. The existence of the poetic function should not be more than other functions existence such as the referential function for example so that texts cannot be very hard to reach the readers. Language and context should be related to each other in a text with the balance that readers need. The poetic language uses metaphors and images to arouse readers' eagerness to think of more meanings of a word. Yet metaphors should not be presented solely within a literary text, conceptual representation must be taken into consideration of authors when it comes to add metaphors ad images. Judging a text according to what it carries of poetic elements and how the poetic function plays a role in raising the value of the text requires skills of analyzing the text and learning how it is written and formed into linguistic patterns, how it is balanced between literary and non literary elements and how it is valued by readers themselves.    

Conclusion

The current assignment dealt with literary texts that give rise to implicatures and how violating the maxims can help adding more value to the literary texts. The literariness is a very important concept in literary as it can tell how good a text is and it can provide the authors with the chance to produce more valuable texts with the required effects on readers by changing meanings and add deeper effects on words and semantics. Syntax and phonology use is also a helping factor in producing better texts as well as using the metaphors and the poetic language which should be carefully used by authors so as not to devalue their texts when the metaphors are not properly used.