Selected types of companies within the scope of commercial laws

Introduction

Commercial law can be defined as a group of legal statements and rules that control and decide the duties and rights of engaged parties within a specific business or trade and they govern any arising disputes between sellers and buyers caused due to any transactions between them and those legal rules can settle some issues related to insurance, banking, affreightment or any other relevant issues. The commercial law concerns different types of companies such as the general partnership as there are rules for determining this partnership related to properties, ownership and the sharing process of gross related to such a partnership. Being a partner means that the person is legally engaged within a partnership. It is important when two parties make an agreement or more than two persons, to have within natural or legal persons as natural persons are those whose age is not under 18 years old who have judicial permission. This shows how far the commercial law is important and needed for general partnerships. Commercial law also cares for issues related to limited partnership which is a type of commercial partnerships resembles general partnership but the limited partnership must include one general partner at least and one limited partner at least while the general partnership includes two general partners at least. The commercial law controls how the general and limited partners can manage control, share in the rights of using the partnership property and having different liabilities for the partnership debts. A joint venture is a company or a business agreement between two companies or more than two and they agree to develop a field of business for a period of time that may be limited to form a new business company by the joint venturers financial contributions. The new business entity is controlled by the joint venturers and both of them share the revenues and expenses of the new companies. Joint ventures are made between individuals, companies or both. They may be small or major projects. A limited liabilities company is a business organization that has members who can't be personally held liable for the liabilities or debts of the company. This type of company represents a hybrid entity that has different characteristics of different companies such as those of a corporation and a partnership or those of sole proprietorships. (RSM, 2016)

A general partnership is a company that has a legal character and responsible partners who are working together and have direct and unlimited responsibility. Commercial law deals with this type of companies to control their business and relevant activities. A general partnership is established for purposes of practicing a business with a specific trade name. It should have a partnership agreement that is registered with the related ministry such as in Oman, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. In Oman to start a general partnership, there should be a capital minimum which is 3.000 RO. The general partnership partners are liable to the debts of the General partnership as long as they are related to the company's property. A general partnership depends on the commercial law which gives each partner the right to act in an independent way as well as be able to pool resources, avoid big formalities and avoid high startup costs. The partner in such a company has to accept some resources and time not equal contributions as he has to trust the other partner business judgment and be fully responsible for the liabilities and debts of the business in spite of the risks involved in this. Each individual in such an agreement has to realize that there are no person to govern the other's decisions without stated terms about this in the agreement and that any partner is able to enter in a binding contract on behalf of the other partner. This makes it hard for partners to make a decision-making policy that is strong in such an organization. (Richmond, 2016) The joint venture is an arrangement based on a contract between two ventured parties and they have to agree on the governing terms and conditions written in the agreement. The two parties can make an equity joint venture through establishing a company that is owned in proportions that are known and agreed on by some specific funded subsidiaries or by purchasing equity in a company that already exists. The new business entity can be a limited liability company or a corporation or any other form that is applicable to the commercial law. The equity joint venture is usually made for collaborations that are closer and on long terms and they have higher levels of investment. Equity joint ventures are sometimes more difficult than others to be wind up as they are based on contractual agreements that are terminating and also the parties involved within it prefer to liquidate the assets which can be time-wasting. A joint venture involves terms that govern the mutual relationship between the involved parties.  (Stewart and Maughn, 2011)

The current assignment is discussing four types of companies that are ruled and governed by the commercial law which are the general partnerships, limited partnerships, joint ventures and limited liabilities companies. The assignment presents general and special characteristics of two main types of them which are the general partnerships and joint ventures. It discusses how these two types of companies are formed, liquidated and managed in accordance to the Omani commercial law. The paper is explaining the processes and procedures of how those two types of companies handle disputes and discussing issues and differences that arise in those companies. This is concluded and summarized to focus on the most important points in the assignment.

Discussion

There are different characteristics for general partnerships such as the fact that a general partnership is consisted by two entities or even two individuals or more than two. There can be two great corporations that can form one partnership when those great organizations agree to establish a new business entity by the two corporations. Forming a general partnership requires the business to be unincorporated and intending for making profits. There are unincorporated requirements such as the formalities the entity should have for forming the corporation that shouldn't be the partnership as the law related to the partnership is limited and not supporting high profits for the business. The partnership law is involved within the commercial law as a subcategory. Yet corporations for example are not in need for formation to find more profit. Sharing profits should be agreed by the two parties and such agreement makes a kind of a rebuttable presumption that confirms that the partnership existed. General partnership agreements should be written, the agreement has to identify the partners, their relevant duties, their responsibilities, respective business and the shared income by each partner; it should also define times for ending the partnership and all important details related to the business. There are capital partners who form a general partnership and those are the partners who agree to provide money and there can be labor partners who provide work.  In the general partnership all the partners are individually liable.  The general partnership can be useful for the two parties if the business is successful but it can lead to different problems if the business is a failure. Many problems are reasons for disputes about which party should bear the loss burden obliged by the partnership. (Manolov, 2013) Joint ventures refer to a wide group of commercial arrangements that are held between two or more entities that are separated as each party is considered an entity and provides resources to the venture to create a new business that collaborates the parties together and share profits as well as risks that are involved within the venture. Any party within the joint venture can present the land, the intellectual property, equipment and human resources or other assets. Each party should have a specific expertise that is relevant to the business and its development and this should be decided and agreed by all parties. It is important to have a shared vision between the parties and this should also include the objectives of the joint venture. It is necessary to realize the involved risks within joint ventures and the fact that the jointly managed and owned business can be well risk managed and mitigated through realizing its benefits and how to employ different services to serve that business and raise its revenues. There are reasons for establishing joint ventures such as the same business objectives of the two parties and the different shared views of different business activities. Joint ventures have to face different challenges and find creative solutions to them such as making the management as close as possible to the business management issues and both interests of needs of the both parties should be regarded and considered.  (Beamish and Lupton, 2009)

To form a general partnership in Oman, it is important to get the agreement of the two or more included parties and this should be done legally and according to the Omani law. They should be jointly and severally liable to the association obligation based on the Omani commercial law and this to the full extent of their own wealth. Participation in the general partnership has no limited maximum but all the general partnerships must be registered in the Omani commercial registrar. The agreements that form the relationship among the general partnership parties must bear the name of one or two of them showing that there is a partnership between them. General partnerships are managed through development upon all the partners unless there are other terms indicating management and should be written in the agreement. All acts can be performed by managers. All acts that managers perform should apply to the objectives of the agreement and the partnership based on the limitations that the agreement considers and the limitations that the Omani commercial law puts. Liquidation of general partnerships can be as a result of different reasons that should be specified in the association memorandum of the partnership and according to the Omani commercial laws. Liquidation and dissolution can be done based on death, withdrawal, bankruptcy or declaration of insolvency of one of the partners. Dissolution can also occur when there is a filature of one of the partners in accomplishing the assigned agreed obligations to him. It may also occur at expiration of the partnership term. (Al Alawi & Co., Advocates & Legal Consultants, 2016)   In Oman joint ventures are formed based on the Omani commercial law and the terms refer to the joint ventures there. They can be formed according the agreement by two companies who want to submit a joint tender in Oman where cooperation is the main objective of the two companies to present a new company where each of the two companies can execute different certain parts of a project provided by the joint venture. The two parties of the venture in Oman have to decide the ways for determining their relationships during the period of the venture. This is done via the joint venture agreement.  Joint venture in Oman is managed according to the agreement of the JV and this refers to all relevant affairs. Management in joint ventures can be done by any member of the venture. Liquidation can be done without any juristic personality; therefore, no question of liquidation. However, the JV Agreement can be terminated as per contractually agreed provisions. According to the Omani commercial law, the joint venture shall not have any legal connections with a third party except in case that there is a contractual relationship between the two main parties of the venture and a third party. (Hubbard et al, 2012)

General partnerships are controlled and governed by the Omani commercial law that can help them when there are disputes, issues and differences as the law depends on the rules that are set in the agreement of the partnership determined by the partners. Governance rules that the partners of the general partnership determine can differ from those set by the Omani rules and then the Omani law practices deal with the issues based on such rules of the partnership. For example; according to Article 42 from the Omani commercial law, a partner who withdraw from the partnership and this causes the latter’s dissolution must be responsible for compensating other partners for the damages caused by his withdrawal if it constitutes a breach of the partnership’s Memorandum of Association. Withdrawal from a partnership established for an indefinite period is not considered as a breach of the partnership’s Memorandum of Association. Agencies can be used as legal representative for the entity or a person and partners can ask agencies for processing disputes and issues of differences. This can be done via a contract between the partner and the agent. Partnerships are able to grant certain authorities to specific partners on condition that the grant exists in the partnership document. Without an agreement to any partners can bind the partnership without asking the consent of the other partners. (Bartos, 2016) Disputes related to joint ventures can arise in any stage of cooperation of the two parties and they can cause failure of the project. Disputes can arise then about sharing profits or any other reasons. Disputes may also arise over management and this can lead to tension in the organization between parties and may lead to great loss and failure. Bankruptcy of the joint venture can be another reason for legal disputes. Accusations can then occur and legal advice is needed. Dishonesty and fraud allegations can also cause disputes where the partners are in need for civil remedy. Arbitration agreements are also used here as they can be more effective in dealing with practical issues. An arbitration office or institute can be asked and there is a freedom for parties to choose the arbitrators who have to be from a relevant industry sector. International commercial arbitration can also be sought but to control disputes based on the limitations of the Omani law. (Mofcom,2016)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to confirm the need for understanding different types of business entities and entrepreneurships in Oman as this can help understand the need for them, how they are formed and managed and other important issues that can help businessmen in their work or those who intend to start a business in Oman. It is important to understand how these companies are dealt with, liquidated and dissolute as well as understanding and recognizing the different articles of the law related to them. In Oman it is the commercial law that controls and decides different issues relevant to these companies as discussed above. There are four main types of entities referred at in this paper which are the general partnership, limited partnership, joint ventures and limited liabilities companies. There are two discussed in details which are the general partnerships and the joint ventures. The discussion about the two types refer to the main information about the two types of companies, why they are established and how and what law and legal advice can be used and sought in related with important issues about them. The two types of companies are presented, discussed and explained in relation to the way they are formed, liquidated and managed. There is also an overview of the way disputes, differences and legal issues are dealt with in each of the two types. For general partnerships; the formation depends on an agreement between two partners who should write an agreement and agree on management, money shares, profits and other important matters into the agreement in order to refer to it when needed. The general partnership can be managed through development upon the different partners of the general partnership unless there are certain conditions and terms involved within the agreement; this should be done based on relevant articles in the Omani commercial law. They are liquidated when there is death of each of the partners, expiry for the agreement or other different problems that may lead to disputes between the two partners. A general partnership depends on the Omani law in solving legal problems, issues of dispute and difference in addition to referring to the terms and conditions in the written agreement as it can control different legal problems. Joint ventures differ from the general partnerships as a joint venture is a business of a new entity that is established between two entities that can be very large and they are also applicable to the Omani law except for certain issues. They are formed when two or more companies agree to join and present a new venture. There should be shared vision and value between parties and management are agreed on and can be for any member of the venture unless specified. Joint ventures are liquidated when there is a fraud, a withdrawal by any of the parties or other reasons. They can ask legal advice for processing disputes and differences from the arbitration institutions that are found in Oman or those international arbitration institutions based on the limitations and legislations of the Omani law as well. 

Career pathway planning

1. What is career pathway planning?

Career pathway planning can be defined as a process that the person does in order to choose a real career for future, choosing the most proper method for reaching it and then beginning in applying this method. To plan for a career pathway as an employee, many things can help me as the importance to have objectives for this plan, a time period and strategies to achieve the objectives. The person should plan for realistic goals and objectives which are not impossible to be achieved. Skills should be identified within the plan, interests and goals in life. Programs and educational courses should also be stated within the plan. The job types should be identified with various alternatives according to the education and the qualifications. There should be a strategy to find work and the needed training scope then steps should be written regarding how to carry out the plan through putting things into action.  

2. Identify career options available for you as a chemical engineer.

A lot of promise is waiting the chemical engineer regarding the future career as there are many career options such as the following:

-Being a chemical processor in a factory or in a laboratory is a good option for chemical engineers as it provides the chance to use the skills in an interesting job.

-Working as a chemical plant operator in a big company is a good choice as a chemical plant operator can control equipment systems which work with the chemical substances and ensures the systems and equipment work properly.

-A chemical engineer in a factory to design and perform the chemical processes of manufacturing products.

-Manufacturing engineer.

-Process engineer.

-Chemical mechanical planarization development engineer.

-Patent attorney to apply chemical engineering information and experiences in an intellectual property.

3. Identify the career option that is best suited to you.

The best suited career option to me is being a chemical processor in a private industry food and beverage factory as I prefer working within a big company or factory as those of the private sector, I prefer to work in a laboratory which is big as the private sector ones, I wish to get high salary, I wish to leave the job easily at any time and join another company as this is available in private sector and I am good in working with chemical substances which are used to manufacture goods and several products.

4. Which is the organization you wish/want to work for? Why?

I would like to work for an organization that manufactures food and beverage as a chemical processor or as a chemical engineer as I like the study of food components and I am interested in formulating new products that meet the demands of customers or change in a product for getting new flavors or qualities of food and beverage products. I also like working with systems of equipments used for tackling medical operations and substances.

5. What is the entry position that you expect to join? Identify the qualification, skills/aptitude, training and required in entry level.

I expect to join as a chemical equipment operator that requires the qualifications of a chemical engineer such as a certificate of chemical engineering, skills of operating equipment used in chemical processes and to be trained on the basics of the job such as working in a team, doing the tasks in time, working according to a schedule and writing reports.

6. Mention other promotion positions (job titles) available with the same employer between the entry position and the five year goal position. Write the relevant qualification/experience, skills/competencies and training required for these promotion positions.

A chemical processor can begin the work as a chemical equipment operator who can operate the equipment to control the chemical operations and changes in making and processing products for industrial organizations. Then he can work harder and be promoted as a project manager then he can be a safety and risk manager or environmental manager. A chemical equipment operator needs some qualifications, experiences, skills, competencies and training in order to be promoted to a project manager such as having the needed experience years with high efficiency reports that show excellent performance, being skilled in managing team work, doing research on chemical projects, develop chemical processes properly and deal with chemical equipment and perform the duties assigned to him that are related to chemical quality control. He also should be able to oversee the required industrial operations related to equipment maintenance and food processing plants. He should also prove to be a good leader within the work environment and adequate in performing any task with the accurate deadlines. Then to specialize as a risk manager or environmental manager he should have certain skills and training in the specialized job such as being trained on how to manage risks within the work environments, having additional training courses in management and having a job competency that tells he is superior than others in this specialization.

7. Where do you see yourself in five years’ time? Write the position that you can obtain on completion of five years with the same employer. Besides write the relevant qualifications/experience/ knowledge, training and any other relevant courses required to take up this higher position.

  In five years time, I see myself as a project manager in a big company for manufacturing food and beverage who is able to manage chemical operations , manage projects regarding the new chemical products and check equipment needed for the chemical processes, monitor the work and be able to make decisions regarding the chemical operations of producing new flavors and new food products. I will be able to master the management skills such as monitoring the work and employees, writing reports regarding the work flow and be able to provide advice when needed. I would also be able to do research in order to be promoted. I will be able to analyze problems related to chemical engineering.

Air cooled heat exchangers CPU of computers

Description

Koplow, (2009) reported that in modern computing systems, CPUs are usually confronting a problem of having big amounts of heat and as the CPU is the responsible of systems data processing, it generates heat and when the amount of generated heat is excessive, risk of damaging CPUs or causing them to malfunction is very high. Overheating thus can be tackled and overcome by equipping these working systems with cooling systems such as the air cooled heat exchangers which can help managing temperature and regulating it for keeping CPUs working properly.

The CPUs which are based on air cooled heat exchangers which are based on using fans in CPUs are free of tubes, pipes or cables and have low noise levels. Fans pump air and heat is taken away from the CPU. The discharge pressure is increased via the serial set up and the area coverage is enlarged by the parallel set up. Cool systems enhance the efficiency of the device and ensure desired conditions for performing data processing in the CPUs processors. They improve the system life cycle. CPU cooling systems should be based upon the law of Moore which suggests that the transistors' number lying on the integrated circuits is increasing to the double every two years. This principle should be used with any type of cooling systems used for electronics.

The Process equipment

Construction and principles of working

Heat Sink

According to Dai et al, (2013), CPU cooling systems are having solutions such as using a heat sink which is an assembly of some components prepared for reducing heat via certain operation which is transferring the generates heat by a solid material that takes heat to a medium of fluid which is air. The heat sink has a vast surface which is called the fins and it is extended for extending the surface of the contacted material with air. The heat sink works according to its thermal performance which is affected by some factors such as the material type, the air velocity and the design of the fins. An example of a heat sink is figured in Figure 1.

Figure.1 Heat sink

Heat Pipe Radiators

Heat sinks capabilities can be enhanced by using the heat pipe radiators which are proved to add extra professionalism to the heat sinks that have fins as a heat sink can be used added to head pipes instead of the fins. Heat pipes are different from fins as they are hollow for the heat sink but the fins are a material which is solid. These heat pipes are the same as the solid pipes if analyzed geometrically but they have a coefficient which is stronger in heat transferring. Figure 2 is showing a heat sink with the addition of heat pipes instead of using fins.

Figure 2 : A heat sink with heat pipes

Heat Pipe

The heat pipe is a pipe which is both sealed and evacuated and inside it, there is a small amount of the fluid needed for the heating transfer process and a wick structure. A heat sink can use a heat pipe as an additional tool. Its design can vary and differ to many designs. In figure 3 there is a model of the layout of a heat pipe and figure 4 provides a real figure for a real heat pipe. The presented design in the figures is expressing a very simple design as additional tubes can be added for the liquid as well as some moving elements. The current example represents a heat pipe that doesn't need a source of power due to the use of the liquid for natural convection in order to distribute the heat. 

Figures 3 -4

There are main advantages for heat pipes as they can enhance the ability of heat sinks according to their designs and performance and among them are three major ones which are:

1. The ability of the heat pipes to provide help for heat distribution by raising the thermal conductivity.
2. The heat pipes are working as a heat conductive path that can take the heat from down to anywhere in order to use small CPU packages for managing heat.
3. Heat pipes raises conductivity and efficiency of the heat sink.

Heat pipes designs are varied according to what is required for performance improvement. Measures of pipes diameters can vary from 3mm to 4mm and 6mm. (Fbo.gov, 2015)

The Applications of the equipment in the industry

Air cooled heat exchangers CPU of computers are widely used in computers industry as they are used to remove the waste heat in order to preserve the efficiency of the device. In computer industry, there are many applications for these devices such as using them to reduce heat from integrated circuits, hard disk drives, CPUs chipset and graphic cards. In computer industry, cooling can be made by many techniques in protecting desktop computers, servers, rack mounted and laptops with differences in each application according to its needs and the level of performance. There are many designs for the device in the industry. (Computercool,  2015)

The heat transfer processes in the equipment

The equipment uses its parts to transfer the thermal energy from a device which has high temperature to a medium that is characterized with lower temperature which is air. The air cooled heat exchangers CPUs of computers have cooling systems which are based on elements which are a reservoir and an air cooling heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the CPU into the cooling air then the air cooled heat exchanger cools the processors using the fins or the heat sinks.  

The impact of students activities on the academic performance of the students at Sohar University

Positive Impact of Activities

According to (Zacherman and Foubert, 2014)when students are engaged in university activities, they are trained on techniques of critical thinking and innovation. Skills of critical thinking are gained through students' involvement in activities resulting from their own desires to do this activity that raises their readiness for engagement with others in doing specific tasks and in operations that need team work and cooperative work. The interaction that occurs during university activities raises the student liability to share in social events and provide the expected tasks by the society elements. College students' development is encouraged when they do various activities either within the curricular environment or outside it as this leaves great impact on the performance of students. Activities can be curricular or co curricular and each activity can measure specific strengths in the student. Time management skills are approved to be enhanced by the college activities as there are start and finish timing and the importance of doing the tasks by themselves in specific periods of time and according to a deadline, all these factors can help the student to raise his or her performance. Activities provide students with the chance to make friends within the university as the interaction that happen through mutual cooperation within doing an activity encourages building positive relationships with other students which leads them to be friends. This enables student to have social adjustment that helps students in their academic performance by exchanging the important information about the subjects and studied modules with other friends easily and get more information about methods to study. Students feel more integrated with the society of the university, its rules, its main culture and this helps them a lot in dealing with the way exams and tests go on which also helps in raising their adherence to university classes and raises their performance.  

Mull, (2014) referred to physical activity and how it affects students' performance in universities as he asserted that voluntary activities which are done using the body such as sports and competitions that involve body exercises encourage students on doing more hard work and reducing their levels of stress, anxiety and worry through affecting the body muscles as they help the body relax its muscles and this then help the mind to think better and provide effective solutions for different problems. Physical activities such as sports activities are better in achieving results when they are done voluntary and not to be forced on students, they also should be timed and assessed before applying as not all students can practice physical activities especially when they are hard. Hard sports such as athletics require students to be healthy and have no health problem that may be affected by these difficult sports. They shouldn't be intensive to the extent that they may negatively affect the health and the time of students. Exercise was found to affect cognitive abilities positively and lead to students' fitness and makes them achieve more classroom success. It was affirmed that the student who spends some time exercising, achieves better results in exams. Yet exercises should be regular and estimated in time in order to achieve the required results.  He added that many researchers found a correlation between physical activities and success in classrooms as there are factors that are connected with exercise and can raise the students' classroom success such as muscular strength, cardicrespiratory endurance and the ability to sleep well. Health of students who don't at all follow any physical activity such as sports usually suffers things such as obesity or diabetes and then such students should be educated by teachers regarding how to engage within the physical activities in order to be better in sport and in achieving high performance level in all university subjects.

 According to Franz and Feresu, (2013). physical activity is related to academic success as sport activities lead students of colleges to have adequate and suitable body mass index which results in their fitness and not suffering any diseases related to obesity such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension or fatigue resulting from any physical effort. When students' health are sable and fit, they are more active and they can be organized in the way they study and attend lectures at the university. Students then don't waste a lot of time going to clinics and following strict diet which may affect their concentration and in turn their academic performance. Healthy students who follow organized physical exercises usually feel more satisfied with the food they eat as they eat the main required food elements and this provides their bodies with all needed vitamins, protein and minerals needed for making their minds more energetic and more able to perform well in tests, quizzes and examinations.

   

Mental activities are also important to be done especially before exams as according to Rhoads and Healy, (2015), mental activities that university students do before exams can help a lot in raising the readiness of the mind to answer questions easily and quickly as the answer is in a place which is reachable by the memory which has been activated by the activities. Mental activities can be either involved with the subject curriculum such as the exercises and practices teachers involve students within or to be outside the classroom such as chess competitions and mathematics competitions. Instructors, teachers and tutors are responsible to some extent for encouraging students to use their minds in doing the activities related to the college subjects as these activities are moving the mind towards better thinking. Prior to exam activities are found by the researcher to enhance the ability of the mind to remember information and relate them to each other. Cognitive abilities are awakened by such activities that the university students can do before the exams so they can choose the most suitable exercises according to the college subject and then apply them before the exam. The researcher found out that the exams that are in subjects that depend mainly on activities in laboratories or on computers are better to be studied using activities that urge the mind to work in order to reach solutions for the difficult problems instead of rehearsal exercises that exhaust the mind and lead the students to have poor performance and achieve less than expected. Activities that are related with the university subjects can lead students to achieve high marks in exams, in experiments and in online examinations that depend on mind tools in solving various problems which require creativity and innovation in relating ideas and processes with each other.

According to Parikh, (2008), students who engage in university activities are developing their cognitive growth easier and quicker than others who are not well engaged within university activities such as intellectual activities associated with some subjects as these activities are provided within the university seminars and they are intensive and require students to cooperate with their mates in order to produce a project or a research that depend on deep understanding for a problem, applying a theory and make personal critical thinking in order to analyze the problem and reach a reasonable conclusion or a solution to it. Such activities develop the students' skills of mind and abilities to analyze and deduct. Another thing is the team work principles involved within these activities as the group of work has to have a level of mutual understanding and awareness of roles and responsibilities. Competency is also involved within these activities as they motivate groups to compete in order to get better results and higher marks. There are many factors that determine students' attraction to such activities such as the teachers' roles in encouraging the students to work and the environment such as family encouragement as the lack of two factors such as the previously mentioned can lead to negative effects of activities and low academic performance.    

   

Negative Impact of Activities 

According to Shiveley and Wang, (2015) students activities in universities may have positive effects and at the same time they may affect students negatively as some students suffer fatigue and tiredness from the physical exercises they do and waste a lot of time doing sport which makes them. Students who spend long hours in athletic exercises are found to be more violent within the university and not accepting any direction from their teachers and they may have social interaction within the sport teams they are engaging with but outside the sports team, they have poor social interaction and they neglect attending their lectures and forgetting some quizzes or providing their assignments later than the due dates of them. Students who are more engaged in sports activities than others usually show low class attendance and low adherence to orders and rules of the university. This refers to the need for having a balance between following university activities and university courses and classes in order to achieve good level of academic performance. Although such students are fit and more energetic then others. This sometimes leads them to be conceited and forget that they have to act as students and not as sports champions. Students who always follow physical activities programs tend to be isolated from everything but sport as they are only interested in news relevant to such sports and how to upgrade their level in a special game or in a certain sport which makes it important to study how to follow university sports activities and not to be away from other important activities. Engaging in university activities sometimes force students to have more work in these activities than they can bear as their schedules become overloaded with activities especially when these activities are imposed on them by their teachers and they feel that they have to do them, then the main aim of having university activities which is enjoying the subject disappears as students lose the enthusiasm needed to begin such activities. Students who are having many activities neglect their main studying and in turn achieve poorly in their tests and exams which results in a decline in their academic performance. Some students who are forced to follow a physical spots program which involves lots of exercise may cause themselves to have injuries in order to take a rest for mind and body relaxation even if this period was at home or in hospital under special nursing care. Intense athletic training can also cause students to have injuries which lead them to be deprived from taking their exams or attending their class lectures and the important discussions with teachers and then their academic performance becomes poor and they also may fail at all. This means that university students need to be discussed about the type of activity they have to be engaged in and not to be threatened with marks if they don't join a sports program or any other activity that they may feel boring or not interesting. Joining activities must be a loved thing by students who will perform them or they will be an extra burden over students. (Wilson, 2009) 

According to Stuart et al, (2011),some universities add extra fees over activities if students need to join them as they try to make financial revenues out of these activities and when the activities are compulsory, then activities become a burden over students and their families and this also affects students' performance as the students bear passive feelings towards the university and towards the educational process as a whole then their performance is negatively affected by following unwanted activities or paid activities and then marks become lower and students' class involvement decreases till students get bored of the university system and this also can affect the general performance of the university students' who will not share in most activities as a result of this aggressive act practiced by the university. When university activities are compulsory, they lose the real intention from involving them within university programs as they become no different from any other subject as they then represent an obstacle against students' fun and entertainment within the university. Students at the university are completely different from students at school as activities in the university shouldn't be compulsory because the nature of the university students and the age stage they are in requires higher levels of treatment and more options to choose from.    

CHAPTER THREE ( THE THEORICAL FRAMWORK)

This chapter is made for purposes of declaring how this research is going on and what theories are used to interpret the used literature within it as the research is discussing the impact of activities on university students' performance with reference to students of Sohar university as activities have been discussed to be of great importance in universities as international universities use them in order to achieve many goals and reach specific results regarding the students' performance. Activities were found highly in the literature to cause positive results which can be easily measured through the high development in students' performance but they are said also to cause defects in the students character if they were misused, overused or used in the improper time. There are many factors that affect activities and challenges faced by universities when enrolling students within their activities and there are many relevant theories that discussed the relationship between activities and students' performance.

There are many involved variables that affect students' activities such as the environments where activities are going in regarding the country, the family, the university and the community, other variables are the amount of activity, timing of doing the activities, types of activities, those who provide the activities to students such as teachers and tutors, the physical condition of the student and the student's desire in taking an activity. All these variables affect the level of success with using activities to enhance university students' academic performance. Among these variables there are dependent variables such as people who provide the activity, students' desire in taking the activity and the physical condition of the students taking the activity. Independent variables are the environments of the activity, types of activity, amount of activity and timing of the activity. According to (Zacherman and Foubert, 2014) when students have the desire for taking an activity, they are involved within it and this helps them to cooperate with others in order to perform a task, this in turn can affect their performance and lead them to be more socially engaged within an environment that encourages taking activities with good teachers who help students to take activities.

Mull, (2014) asserted the importance of assessing the students' physical condition before engaging them within a physical activity as physical activities are a special type of activity that depends on engaging the proper students in the proper sport as, for example, sick or very weak students cannot be enrolled within hard physical activities such as athletics. He also referred to the timing variable which is important for raising the students' performance, for example, it is not a good idea to provide students with sports activities during examination period as this will never raise their academic performance so timing is a very important variable too. Franz and Feresu, (2013) referred to the physical conditions of students after having sports activities and how they help students be fit more in order to have self confidence that can help them achieve higher performance levels, Healy, (2015) asserted that the teachers and tutors in the university are responsible for students enrollment within activities, those teachers are considered a very effective variable that lead to results which can be good or bad according to the methods and types of activities they choose for each student as the type of activity is another important variable that can be changed according to each student and what suits him or her of activities.

Performance theories deal with the factors that affect performance such as any collaborative effort exerted by a person or a group of people, for example, the university activities students follow as they can be considered among these factors. According to Elger, (2015), humans can do many extraordinary tasks that are not expected by them and they can face any challenges if they want to. Performance can be enhanced and improved according to what a human being is able to do for improving this performance. He added that there are many areas for performance such as the cognitive area, the social area, the affective area and the psychomotor area. A human being can work on a specific area and raise his or her performance. Parikh, (2008) refers to cognitive growth and university activities as he correlates them to each other which provides a result of raised performance through this cognitive growth associated with activities. He refers to the type of activity as a main variable that controls the cognitive growth of university students as those intellectual activities can directly lead the students to have raised performance. 

Shiveley and Wang, (2015)referred to how the type of activity can affect students' performance and how this can be a negative effect when they do something by force but what if students are really forced by their universities to do certain activities they don't like? Is the answer that they have to get low performance and bad marks? According to the performance theory, a person can deal with such a problem by working on his affective area of performance in order to confront such a difficult situation and not to fail in dealing with it. A student then may find something interesting in the activity to enjoy it or to refuse taking the activity at all or to do the activity in a new way which means to create something new while doing the activity. Improving the performance using the activity is a very crucial matter that is connected with many variables such as choosing the time for the activity, students should choose the activity according to their own desires, ambitions, feelings or any other relevant factors and then they can choose its time and its program from the beginning of the year with the help of teachers who are another important variable that should be carefully chosen in order to raise the students' performance by choosing the most suitable activity for each student, then discussing it with the student and after that evaluating the students' level of performance after having these activities and measure if the performance has really improved or not. 

GET Enterprise test

Result of the test was 63% for the whole test; the results refer to many important points relating to the enterprising characteristics that I currently have and what needed for me in the future. The score tells that I need to develop my own enterprising features in order to have more strengths if I want to start a special business and succeed in it. The results make me think that I should develop my enterprising abilities in order to reach better levels of professionalism. I should train myself more and practice more work in order to maintain stronger enterprising abilities and skills. Regarding my achievement; I think I need to be more independent and work in projects that can represent me rather than others. I think I am imaginative and I have a creative tendency. I need to be able to take more risks when needed and don't depend on luck in finding good opportunities. My autonomy seems to be low which tells that I should engage in team works more than currently because team work can improve my ability to work in teams; the fact is that I prefer working within teams than being alone but I still don't have a specific role within the team. I am a person who can accept managers' orders and instructions but I need to be more adequate. The score tells that I prefer the entrepreneur ideas that are ready and I need to be more risky; this is to some extent true as although I can take risks; I prefer well studied ideas and perhaps this reduces the opportunities I can meet if I tried new ideas. The test tells that I have a quite good level of creativity but I need to develop it and try more entrepreneurship experiences. Generally I have creative and innovative lifestyle as I prefer trying new travelling experiences, camping trips and I like to try new games and new adventure but perhaps at work, I am a bit that creative person because sometimes I prefer the well thought ideas than new ones as I fear of failures and try to be secured a bit. The test results explain that I really own some different entrepreneurial advantages but they are not enough for me to lead a successful and great business as results show that need to take more risks, be more creative, have more self confidence and be more independent, results also tell that I should take more roles working within teams as this can improve my self confidence and can also add many experiences to me. My ideas development needs to be strengthened as ideas have to be supported by researches and analysis as well as experiences in different project management areas. Results give some opinion about me that are really identical and make me rethink in the way I mean to follow when running my own business but they are not very exact or accurate in some specific areas such as working with teams as I like team work greatly and regarding creativity as I prefer to be creative but perhaps I can't find the opportunity at work or the encouragement from my leaders to be creative as failure there means severe punishment. The test was a good experience that can help me develop my own skills and abilities in order to get better career 
opportunities.   

This test gave me a score of 59.19 % and its typical score is 63.48%. The score I got explains that the score got on the GET test was right to a great extent. The Aluive test explains that I possess a medium abstraction level which refers to the abstraction of concepts gained from ideas added to a good level of making connections for things connected naturally; this part tells that I am in a strong need for being engaged within teams and team work tasks in order to be able to make better connection relationships and to be able to have better communication skills and abilities and this can be done via training and real team work experiences. The test represents me as having 50% ability for changing my own perspectives in different situations which differ depending on some certain circumstances such as time, space and others and this gives an idea about me that I am not flexible enough when it is related to change my own opinion or view which is related to the results of the GET test that confirms that I have to work more with people and accept their ideas in some times. Concerning curiosity; the test explains that I need to be more curious in order to reach higher levels of creativity and innovation; this result differs to some extent of the results of the GTE result that showed low levels of creativity and these results explain that I need to apply my own creativity that I really have at real work experience and to have the courage that enables me to present the creative ideas I have and let them be applied. Regarding boldness; the test tells I have some boldness but not to the extent that gives me the opportunities of making successful business myself and this tells that the GET test results were right and makes me eager to develop my abilities in expressing myself, my ideas and having more self confidence that can enable me to be more successful in enterprising business. The paradox ability represents my skills in doing coordinated business and contradicted jobs and this was also mentioned in the GET test made before so the opinion is true and this makes me very interested in developing my team work abilities and reevaluate them in order to work better with others, discuss their ideas and accept them in team works. Complexity level I have based on this test tells that I am good enough in managing data and dealing with information that is very large and this is identical with what was suggested about me in the GET test yet I also need to train myself on working with very advanced information systems. The test also explains that I possess persistency skills which explain what was not mentioned in the GET test that said I lack enough presentation for innovative solutions.

My life actions, my career and my business world have affected my skills, experiences and abilities a lot as I have faced different situations that made me identify a defect in my character and in the way I follow to deal with business matters, for example, I am very creative when I am with family and friends; I always suggest crazy ideas and new suggestions that everyone appreciate and prefer as they can save time and effort and provide pleasure to others in addition of being practical, useful and successful. This is different from the way I do at work as when I have some new innovative ideas, I don't have the full courage to present them to my boss or my team work and I think this is due to my shyness as I was brought up in a social way that gives much interest to family life rather than social life with strangers; I think I have to train myself to be more dare at work and be able to accept criticism better in order to make use of the creative ideas I really have at work and the innovations that I think sometimes they are silly but others present them and succeed. According to Treffinger et al, (2002) creative thinking should be aligned with courage to apply creative ideas and make them successful, openness is also needed because it enables the individual to discuss different ideas bravely and accept different opinions and make decisions easily.

Regarding my leadership abilities, I am good at leading teams as I listen to the team members, motivate them to work and encourage their ideas but I need to make more research about different entrepreneurship skills that can enhance my own independence as those discussed by Rudmann, (2008) as he affirmed that the entrepreneurship skills can help the employee face the changing environment and maintain better leadership opportunities and cope with the increasing complexity related to work environment. The influences that affected my character throughout my life are many such as my education as I used to follow orders and instructions without discussing my bosses or presenting any new ideas as I was educated in Arabic Omani schools that didn't focus too much on creativity, discussions and innovations. This affected my own abilities to be courageous at work and discuss my innovations and creative ideas to my bosses and also reduced my ability to work within teams as team work wasn't found in my education. Another factor is the experience I had during work as it changed my shyness to some extent and enabled me to take leadership positions and engage with team work, I received different training programs in leadership, leading teams and present unique ideas that are practical and useful. I also took roles within group work projects that enabled me to accept criticism to some extent and be a good listener but I need to have more experience in this regard. 

Within the family, I was encouraged and loved and many members of the family encouraged me especially my uncle who is a successful business man as he gave me much advice about business and was always telling me that I need to be more dare and creative at work but I usually took his advice for fun; now I think I have to take his advice more seriously and begin to build up my entrepreneurship skills. My father also encouraged me to begin my own business and gave me lot of motivation and advice about the importance of communication with work mates.   

Improving my character traits are very important to establish a new own business as I should give much more importance to projects' deadline, working with teams and leading teams. I really have good and strong leadership skills but I need to do more research to add to my skills and develop them as well as being trained on working more with teams and groups. Shared leadership is according to Mielonen, (2011) is important for enhancing team work and cooperative business in addition to its role in enhancing communication and problem solving. I have to make evaluation for my own traits in order to find out what I really need and how to develop my own abilities, skills and experiences. I need also to join training courses in different areas of business in order to develop my experience and enterprising skills. I have to work hard in order to train myself be better regarding the shortage in dealing with mates, discussing opinions and suggestions and working within teams in a cooperative work environment; I have also to be a listener for the advice told to me by others such as my boss, my family members and this shouldn't make me lose my self confidence because I know that I really master good leadership skills with a reasonable level of entrepreneurship that needs to be developed. 

Conclusion

In conclusion, the tests I made and the evaluation process I applied on my own business and entrepreneurship abilities were very useful to me and made me discover many things about my character and business traits; I realized some strengths that I really have such as my leadership abilities and also discovered some weaknesses I have such as my ability to work within teams and the initiation of being creative and innovative as I usually felt that my boss should encourage me more although he always does but my shyness has lead me to lose many good work opportunities and many benefits from the teams I joined and worked for. I have to make good use of such experience by adding experiences and developments to my business traits and to face the challenges I face at work bravely.

International Marketing Coca Cola Cast Study

Introduction about the company and its products

The Coca-Cola company is an international beverage company based in the USA. It is a manufacturer for soft drinks and syrups and it has many branches and subsidiaries all over the world but its headquarter is found in Atlanta, Georgia. The main product of the company is its fizzy drink, Coca-Cola which was made by John Stith Pemberton who was a pharmacist in 1886. The company followed a franchised system of distribution that began in 1889 as the company used to distribute its concentrate to other worldwide bottlers. Coca –Cola company acquired lots of brand throughout time such as Minute Maid, Thums Upin and Barq's. Coca-Cola had made its first try to manufacture a diet soft drink which was Tab in 1963. There are many soft drinls produced by the company such as Fanta andSprite. In South Africa, there is Valpre which is a sparkling and Stillwater. The company also produces healthy products such as minute made juices, Dasani mineral water, Fruitopia fruit drink and Nestea which is a favored ice tea. Coca-Cola is considered a bestselling company for soft drinks internationally and it almost shares the market with Pepsi in addition to other minor competitors. There are other products for the Coca-Cola company such as its green tea called Enviga issued in  2006 and Glaceau which was bought by the company in 2007 and produced flavored water and burn energy drinks. The current research is discussing how Coca-Cola company used internationalization in all its business operations and an evaluation and analysis for its strategies and the impact of social and cultural factors on the target market. (Wirtz and Dominguez, 2013)       

Company's rational behind internationalization

Internationalization is a basic goal that the company worked to achieve since its beginning and to achieve it, it followed global diversification. Internationalization was a major goal for the company to achieve for various reasons such as building a strong background of customers and fans all over the world, raising its share in the global market and increase the profits of the company, stressing the importance of the brand and having different subsidiaries all over the world in order to affect national life and be a part of everyone's life and shares in the happiness of the whole world. Internationalization has been a major target for Coca-Cola so as it could enable the company to control the global market and business of beverage and drinking all over the world. Internationalization was to raise the chances of Coca-Cola to have a worldwide impression and prevail in all countries of the world as a formal drink for occasions and happy times. Internationalization was a way to connect the whole world via a drink that can express the feelings and desires of worldwide nations and cultures. Internationalization was meant to enhance the company's image among other companies and competitors. (Vrontis, 2003)         

Mode of entry

Some strategies the company uses to invade global markets in different areas and countries of the world such as:

1. Licensing

Franchising was a major strategy to be followed by the company as many countries around the world have subsidiaries for Coca-Cola with its brand, experience and concept. Turnkey contracts were also used by the company as large factories were built in different countries for Coca-Cola and their employees were prepared to represent the company internationally. 

2. International agents

Agents were used in the different countries where the company's products were used globally as there are agencies and individuals that the company made deals with in order to distribute its products locally. Distribution using agents is a good strategy the company follows because it is cheap and practical as those agents work hard in order to receive a omission for the distributed number of products and at the same time Coca-Cola still has the control over those agents.  

3. Joint Ventures

The company made very good joint ventures with other companies in order to produce new products that can find popularity among the customers such as that joint venture made with Nestle in order to produce the company's Nestea which is a tea with flavors and iced.

4. International Subsidiaries

Coca-Cola company has many factories in different countries all over the world as this policy was used since the beginning of the company's history in order to establish subsidiaries that work for the company's welfare and make more profits and increase the popularity of Coca-Cola around the world. 

5. Exporting

There are many subsidiaries related to Coca-Cola and there are other places where there aren't subsidiaries for the company so exporting strategy is followed there as the main company sends them readymade drinks and juices and water in order to keep its nationalization there where the people should be well acquainted with Coca-Cola brands and products.  (Mok et al, 2002)

Evaluation for the marketing mix strategies adopted by the company 

Coca-Cola has a distinguished marketing mix strategy that depends on many factors related to demographics and geographic elements related to the company and the areas where it manufactures, produces and distributes its products such as the following evaluated ones:

 Product

The company concentrates on its main products in a way that can produce a diversity of outputs that can be easily marketed and can suit all types of consumers as the company has about 3500 types of products such as 1000 types of juices that come in different brands such as Hi, C, Odwalla, Fuze, Simply, MinuteMaid  and Fruitopia. There are a variety in fizzy drinks such as Cock Zero and Fanta and Sprite. Mineral water is also produced such as Dasani and flavored water. The company also produces ice teas with fruit flavors and power drinks. The great variety made by the company lead to its success as an international beloved company. 

Price

Coca-Cola is a leading company in providing suitable prices and sales and offers that attract its customers to more purchasing processes and raises the brand's name among consumers of different nationalities all over the world. Prices are set according a pricing strategy depends on matching prices with products and keeping a competitive advantage over other market rivals.

Place

Coca-Cola tends to keep its existence in most countries of the world and trying to be the best and participate in worldwide actions and events such as the World Cup for football and others. Distribution depends on targeting the most crowded areas in the world and assigning agents there who are able to reach as many places as possible and distribute as many products as possible and get commissions for this.

Promotion

The company is following a policy of advertising which is very successful as it chooses the beloved local land international actors and singers in order to make them provide its products professionally and bring in more customers through the commercials and other advertisement ways.  (coca-colacompany, 2015)

Coca-Cola Brand positioning and advertising strategy

Coca-Cola has been originating its brand in the global society by being an international company that depends on producing the best drinks all over the world and it insisted on raising a value of the product in order to position its brands at top of all soft drinks all over the world. It has been even used as a mix with wines to make different tasty cocktails. The brand was strengthening through advertising which was effectively used by the company. Since its beginning the brand of Coca- Cola was the most common in American movies and cinemas all over the world. During time periods the company has evolved from simplicity to comprehension as a global brand.  Advertising in Coca -Cola has followed a smart strategy of advertising and promotion which depended on spreading everywhere, realizing people's needs, desires and ambitions. This strategy depends on studying each market and discussing its main components as a community and a society at first. There were worldwide commercials that depended on making the brand strongly affecting the global world and sharing its events and festivals. The company used to put big budgets to be spent on advertisements as, for example, in 2013, the company spent about 7% of its annual revenues estimated with 3,37 billion dollars on advertisements which included loyalty points programs, in store activation and point of sale marketing. (Bailey, 2014).

Competitor analysis

Coca-Cola has been always a major competitor to Pepsi as the market is almost divided between them with a little share to other companies such as Schweppes. Coca-Cola has many competitive advantages such as the delicious taste, original shape of the bottle, different tastes and different products. An example is the company's products in a country such as India where Pepsi and Coca-Cola are the most sold products of fizzy drinks and juices. The company was founded in India in 1886. The company has lots of products in India such as coke, diet coke, thumps up, sprite, limca, maaza, fanta, Georgia and Kinley. The two companies can be compared as follows:

Feature	coke	Pepsi
Parent company	Coca-Cola company	Pepsi company
Sales	450 globally	324 million globally
Distribution	Retailers, stores	Retailers, stores
Market share	57,8%	35,6%
Number of bottles plants	26 owned by the company and 16 franchised	15 owned by the company and 28 franchised

Table 1 Coca Cola Pepsi Competitor Analysis

It is clear that the company has a competitive advantage over its main competitor Pepsi and this makes it having very good chances there to increase its sales and profits. (Shinde, 2013)

Social and cultural factors impact on the target market in an international environment

The market is usually affected by social and cultural factors that international companies target in order to market their products in these markets and reach internationalization easily. Different markets in different places affect the process of products marketing as there are different in each market which could be social or cultural such as religion, traditions, norms, economies and languages. Competitiveness is based on realizing such differences and considering methods to deal with them in order to understand the nature of customers and the way they think of products and what the best ways to reach them as a brand through recognizing the local nature of the people. Coca-Cola was successful in doing this as the company understood the nature of each people it deals with and this is clear in the commercials and advertisements which differ from a country to another. (Writers, 2012) An example on this is avoiding using wines and alcoholic substances to be produced in any country that rejects them such as Islamic countries and avoiding commercials that may be rejected there. Another thing is that the company considers differences in languages so each product is advertised in the language where it is distributed. Religion is also considered in the way the products are served and distributed and marketed as the company for example presents special offers for the customers in Islamic countries in Eids and shares the happiness of people in their Eids with new promotions and offers.  Language is considered highly in Coca Cola's innovation ideas for bringing more customers such as the idea of writing names of people on the cans as the names are written both in English and in the language of the area where the cans are produced and distributed and the nature of names are also regarded as names found on cans in the Gulf area differ from names on cans in Egypt or Tunisia for example. This shows how Coca-Cola was intelligent and still is in its methods of distribution and marketing for its products to apply internationalization effectively.(Umar, 2015)             

The factors that influence the decision in developing distribution channels internationally

1. Factors related to the products' features

Features of any product can decide the market that needs development by the company to work as an international distributor so the product should be well analyzed and studied by the company in order to recognize its main merits and demerits. This can help for choosing the channels of distribution, the types of advertisements, the suitable services that should be chosen to be presented for the customers and if the product fits those customers or not. For example a product such as Coke zero which is made for those who suffer obesity should be presented in the areas that have high obesity numbers of people such as the Gulf area where this product is well welcomed and preferred by most people. (Dent, 2012)

2. Factors related to the company's features

The company has certain main features such as production size, reputation, policy and strategy and these factors affect the decisions took about the channels used for distribution internationally. The strong reputation and good name of the company helps it reach any area that it seeks. Although Coca-Cola is common in more than 200 countries around the world, the company can use its name and strong brands to market them in other areas around the world. 

3. Factors depending on the characteristics of the customers

The successful business should study the features off consumers who are the customers in order to choose international channels easily and correctly. Location of the market and amount of purchasing can decide the channel where the products can be served.

4. Middlemen considerations

Middlemen characteristics should be well studied by the company as they should be recognized and the company should set a policy for dealing with them in each channel and each channel should have a different plan with middlemen.

5. Factors depending on characteristics of the environment.    

The environment can decide what the best channels are and what strategy should be used in each environment as each channel can be included under environment's circumstances such as laws, government taxations and legislations that should decide the easiest and most convenient circumstances to decide the channel. (Scribd, 2015) 

Conclusion and findings of framework analysis

Coca-Cola is a company that sells its products of beverages and soft drinks products all over the world for many countries all over the world as it is among the best sellers in the world in many areas. Internationalization is a major concept that the company considers a great interest in order to vast its prevailing around the world. There are many factors decide the process of internationalization. The company’s mode of entry depends on many major points such as licensing, pricing and others. These main points decide the mode of entry the company follows. The company is competing with other companies such as Pepsi in many points. There are factors that decide the channels the company choose for distribution and these factors should be carefully chosen in order to raise the company's profits through internationalization.

Tracheostomy Nursing Case Study

Many nurses see that tracheostomy care is difficult and frightening but it only needs to be well understood to be managed. Caring for patients with chest tubes needs confident nurses who realize the proper use and conditions relevant to it. Chest tubes are usually used for helping patients who suffer disrupt in their pleural space. Small amounts of fluids can be absorbed by the body and this can occur to air as well over time. Lung expansion can be limited by larger amounts and this can cause respiratory distress. When the patient suffers a tension pneumothorax, it is important to insert a needle to reduce pressure and insert a chest tube. (RCH, 2015)The current assignment is a case study of a patient who entered to the critical care unit after having a heart surgery as the patient had a history of obstructive pulmonary and he needed to have a tracheostomy as a decision made by him and his physician. The assignment will critically discuss the nursing care the patient needs and a nursing diagnosis with its related goal and nursing intervention, the assignment also includes a personal reasoning for choosing me for dealing with this type of care with an evaluation for the relevant literature.

Mr. X ,  a 60 years old patient who suffered a chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, was admitted at the critical care unit for having a tracheostomy as he made an open heart surgery and after the operation, the patient was in need for prolonged mechanical ventilation as the first week after the operation was for recovery and the second week he tried to wean from the ventilator but he was suffering from the endotracheal tube (ET) so his physician decided to use a tracheostomy. The patient was in need for removing and checking the inner cannula as a first step of the nursing care. According to the MOH nursing clinical practice guidelines, (2010) the nursing care can include many care areas such as preventing any problems that may associate tracheostomy such as infection; this is really proved within the critical care unit experiences as I found this occurring many times and in some cases, infection can lead to the death of patients. Cleaning the tube is a very important matter as according to many researchers such as Timby, (2009) cleaning means cleaning the skin that surrounds the stoma, making sure the inner cannula is clean and cleaning the dressing; this view lacks some important procedures such as changing the dressing as according to (NHS, 2009)changing the dressing regularly ensures that the patient is away from infections by maintaining a clean and dry tracheal stoma. From my own experience, changing the dressing can also keep the patient's tissue from damage. Norton, (2009) added to the previous views that there are many types of nursing care that can be presented to a patient who has tracheostomy and this is observed through my experience in the critical care units as there are a variety of nursing interventions that are relevant to tracheostomy such as monitoring the airway to check the nutrition process and its safety, monitoring the way the patient is coughing, breathing and checking if the patient is suffering pains. Secretions should also be monitored to ensure the safety of suctioning process. Nursing care should include the cleanliness of the nurse such as using gloves that should be sterile when providing care of suctioning and  inner cannula. Norton, (2009) also focused on more important care aspects that other researchers neglected which are the emotional and communicational care as the patient should have a pen and a paper to write when possible or even charts that contain alphabets. What was previously mentioned is very useful when a nurse is delivering care for a patient with tracheostomy but there are cases that the patient needs more nursing care that can be urgent and well chosen, from my experience, the case of having tracheostomy is surprising and needs continuous monitoring. Friedman, (2009)discussed the complications that can associate tracheostomy or follow it and they need nursing care regularly to prevent them; examples are bleeding, stomal infection and accidental decannulation. 

Tracheostomy is a care procedure that is usually made in the intensive care unit for patients staying in hospital for treatment. It is a stoma that is done under the larynx in the trachea for reasons such as overcoming the obstruction of the upper airway, making the mechanical ventilation easy or for removing the secretions. (Brower and Cohn, 2012). This can be done for the patient as an emergency condition or permenantly and it is using a plastic tube which is hollow. Treatment and care for a patient with a tracheostomy should be planned and with the help of a multidisciplinary team that includes efficient nurses. There are different individual needs for each patient that should be considered when using tracheostomy by nurses and other caregivers in order to ensure the patient's safety and better outcomes and prevent any complications that can be resulting from tracheostomy. (Morris et al, 2013).  

Mr. X remained in the hospital for 15 days, his wife was with him, during this period, a multidisciplinary team was responsible for him, I was asked to provide him with interventions related to the diagnosis of his anxiety and communication level because my preceptor reported that the patient refuses to receive tracheostomy care and this can affect the patient physiologically and psychologically as this is able to delay the healing and may also lead to complications. (Tate et al, 2013). The patient was anxious since the first day of having the tracheostomy tube and he refused to communicate with me at first, then I tried to assess how far he understands the care required for the tracheostomy tube by monitoring the symptoms of fear and nervousness of the patient and I tried to ask his wife to get his consent on the intervention. His wife convinced him to receive the intervention and I tried to inform him simply about the importance of the care and how it can reduce any infections and complications. His blood pressure was measured and his heart rate and slightly higher rates were found so it was important to inform him how to keep relaxed. I informed the patient about the importance of the treachestomy care and the problems he may suffer if he refuses it, the patient was relaxed and expressed his fears using cards and paper and pens. I tried to reduce his anxiety by telling him all information he needed to know about his condition and how to care for himself after discharge. On the discharge day, I informed the patient and his wife about basics of changing the cannula and the way of cleansing the stoma, redressing it and how to flush water into the feeding tube as well as telling them about the means of Jackson-Prat drain emptying. I assured to them that there is a home nursing care as there are special nurses authorized by the hospital to visit the patient at home for the purposes of tube feeding. I taught the patient how to cough correctly and I taught the patient basics of self suctioning to avoid infections resulting from sputum that hinders the work of the tube.  In a study made by Breckenridge et al, (2014) tracheostomy placement impact on patients' anxiety was discussed and they reported that many of the study participants suffered before the trachesostomy as the mechanical ventilation was tiring to them but using tracheostomy didn't relieve them as they also suffered verbal communication, pain, fatigue, difficulty in coughing and being thirsty; the study reports that there aren't many patients reported feeling comfort after having the tracheostomy while other studies such as that conducted by Silveira, (2009) reported that most patients stated that they felt more comfort after having tracheostomy especially with the nursing interventions meant to relieve their fears and anxiety as well as the education they received during the nursing interventions as the information they had helped them feel more confident in the medical procedures they should receive during other care interventions for tube care. Anxiety is referred to as a condition that is characterized with an increased tension activity and prolonged apprehension case that makes the patient have fears and hypertensive attitude. Anxiety is said to accompany many illnesses and medical conditions such as tracheostomy and the relevant care procedures. (Myers and Gulanick, 2010).

Crosby, (2012) evaluated trachesostomy care anxiety relief and how it can occur via nurses who are well trained on informing the patient's family and carers about the right home care procedures for helping the patient get rid of his anxiety, he stated that it is not good to wait till the day of discharge in order to inform the family about the care procedures required for helping the patient as this raises the anxiety of the patient and makes him worry about the care he will receive at home but it is better to provide families with training and involve them into programs for relieving the anxiety of the patient using many ways; in my care experience for Mr. X, I didn't follow this step but I waited till the day of discharge and provided the wife with a paper that includes instructions for care which may not be very helpful for the patient as the study confirms that the families who were engaged in training courses for relieving anxiety reported that their patients were very comfortable and got rid of their fears and anxiety better than other families who received the education and training very late. Hughson et al, (2012) discussed how patients lose the ability to talk with the use of tracheostomy so it is important for the nurse to focus on means for communicating with the patient, the nurse should provide the patient with cards to use when they need something such as pictured cards with water, toilets, family members, noise or others. They also referred to anxiety and that there is a nursing intervention for managing it which is providing the patient with privacy and informing the patient about the side effects that suctioning may lead to such as coughing but during my nursing experience with my patient, I found this may increase the patient's anxiety and he may refuse the nursing interventions for tracheostomy as the culture of the patient plays a role, instead I decided to tell the wife of Mr. X about coughing effect and she in turn told her husband and relaxed him but Murr et al, (2014). Asserted on informing the patient with all side effects and not informing him that everything is ok or let family tell him as the information may be changed by the family members and it is the nurse responsibility to relieve the patient's anxiety and to choose the correct simple words that don't bear scientific terms to inform him.  

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is necessary to focus on the learning I gained from the nursing experience with the patient with tracheostomy as I learnt that it is important to provide the patient with the proper education needed for managing any problem resulting from the tube and I learned to provide the information for the patient with myself. Another learnt experience is to informing the patient's family with information about home care since the admittion day of the patient and it is wrong to wait till discharge day and give the information as instructions only because this may increase the patient's anxiety. Relieving the patient's anxiety can also be done by using music as a therapy that is able to reduce the patient's anxiety and help him get relaxed sleep and overcome his stress as it is recommended that music becomes a part of the care provided within the critical care unit and to equip it with musical instruments. (Ciftci and Oztunc, 2015). Music interventions are proved by many researchers to provide the patient with more opportunities for healing faster than traditional techniques and music therapy can be associated with relaxation exercises to fasten healing and improving patient's outcomes. (Miller, 2009).