Blood Transfusion in Oman

 

Abstract

Blood transfusion has turned to be safe and practical since the 90s but there are still many challenges that face the process and need development and improvement. There is need for industrial RBC rising from medical emergencies to genetic hemolytic disorders. This includes many diseases and health problems. Many viruses such as hepatitis viruses as well as human immunodeficiency viruses are able to be transmitted by transfusion. There are challenges such as the need for blood components products to meet the universal needs as it had become a public health challenge. The current paper is discussing blood transfusion with reference to literature to investigate issues such as need for industrial RBC, methods that are used for producing RBC and the limitations to the process as well as the challenges to it in the current and future. It also discusses Storage of RBC effect membrane composition and large‐scale cost‐effective production of RBC.

Introduction

Blood transfusion in Oman dates back to the medical services movement in the 1970s.  Sultanate of Oman is one of the young countries in the field of blood transfusion. Oman used to import blood units from other advanced countries in that field. In early 1990, Ministry of Health has decided to rely on indigenous blood donation as a safer alternative. This was achieved by organizing blood donation drive twice or three times a month. In the mid of 1990 Oman was successfully self-sufficient to meet the national demands. However, to face the enormous rise in Oman population we must find alternative to the traditional blood transfusion. The production of industrial RBCs is an excellent potential alternative. (Joshi et al, 2010)

Blood transfusion definition

Blood transfusion is defined as the process of blood transferring into the individual's blood circulation. Transfusions are used in many medical cases for replacement of blood lost components. It is an important process that is included within the modern health care. When it is used effectively, it can help in improving people's lives and health. Blood transfusion carries many risks such as transmitting diseases that are made of infectious agents, for example, HIV, syphilis, hepatitis viruses and others. Close collaboration that occurs between clinicians and blood transfusion service in managing the elements of the transfusion process can reduce the risks that associate blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is taking blood or blood components of a person to another who is in need for it. It is a life-saving process for replacing blood products that are lost during bleeding or depression of the patient's bone marrow. It is a safe method for saving people in need for blood and it should be ensured by checking the blood is safe and healthy and suitable for patient's blood type. Transfusion requires high planning levels to be safe and should be done after investigating if the patient is eligible for it or not. When blood transfusion is tested, reverse effect can be stopped. Red blood cell (RBC) production (erythropoiesis) occurs in the bone marrow of the person under the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) control. In addition to erythropoietin, red blood cell production needs adequate substrates supplies including iron, folate, vitamin B12, and heme. RBCs has 120 days surviving limit.

Need for industrial RBC   

The need for blood transfusion arises because of conditions rising from medical emergencies to genetic hemolytic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, leukemia and other disorders. Some of those patients are transfused throughout their lives and receive thousands of blood units. As more as the patient is transfused throughout their lives, the more risk of immunization against allogenic red blood cells increases which may result in transfusion reactions and probability of fatal complications. As a result, the availability of blood components products to meet the universal needs had become a public health challenge. In the early 90s, scientists worldwide were able to investigate the industrial production of red blood cells and with deep understanding of the process, scientists were able to culture blood cells in the lab. The industrial RBCs are easily produced from using embryonic stem cells with the presence of a micro environment and this could be cytokines, syrum and appropriate physical condition. Scientists found that blood groups and other genetic mutations can be altered during the process. Thus industrial RBCs can be successfully used for patients with rare blood disorders. (Douay, 2018)

Methods used for producing RBC

There are methods for production of RBCs such as the first method which is producing it in liquid culture and this method was developed such as a procedure of two steps that was first designed to amplifying and then favor the erythroid progenitors maturation to exist in the umbilical cord as well as in the peripheral blood of the adult. This method is effective in erythroid precursors production but at the same time it can't afford great numbers of RBCs and conditioned medium and required serum. There are other methods that can improve that protocol such as amplifying cord blood stem and also progenitor cells that can apply the usage of certain defined conditions. There are other methods that were developed by Beug group as they developed SED which is a group of factors that include SCF stem cell factor joined with dexamethasone and erythropoietin which are used for inducing extra subset of progenitors extensive proliferation which makes difference within the stress erythroblasts.

Limitation of the process

Those limitations include leukocytosis as WBC in concentrations that go beyond the linearity limits related to the system will need blood sample dilution. When diluted sample is re-assayed, this will help in getting the right assay value. Another limitation is Nucleated Red Blood Cells, NRBC which refers to red blood cells that are immature and nucleated as they are different from mature RBCs and not large which makes them lymphocyte results. RBC limitations include Leukocytosis with concurrent anemia. In samples that have high WBC and low RBC, the WBC may lead to a false RBC count increasing. Others are Agglutinated Red Blood Cells and Cold Agglutinins. There are also the HGB limitations such as Unlysed Red Blood Cells, Leukocytosis and Lipemia, hyperproteinemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Others include MCV/HTC limitations such as Red Blood Cell Agglutination and Thrombocytosis (elevated PLT). There are also PLT/MPV limitations such as Microcytosis (small RBC, low MCV) and Agglutinated RBCs.

Present & future challenges

In countries that have high income and development, challenges are mainly in transfusion that impasse as a result of secondary hyperimmunization with polytransfusion as well as the population aging that has two important consequences which are blood cancer development that increasing with age and the reduction of number of people who donate blood and this reduces the blood products matching requirements of blood transfusion.

Storage of RBC effect membrane composition 

The storage lesion is mainly a denomination which has all different changes occurring as RBCs age during storage solution. Haemolysis is the result of that change associated with increase in the haeme, haemoglobin and extracellular free-iron which results in reduced bioactivity in the nitric oxide due to morphological changes in addition to some lactic acid accumulation and this can also lead to reduction in the glycolysis rate and the 2,3-DPG and ATP. Then haemolysis can be affected by these changes and lead to different age classifications related to the RBC units. It was also regarded that the transfusion safety can be affected by mtDNA and EVs. This can affect the immune system of the recipient. Bioactive lipids Accumulation of in the period of RBC storage was regarded as a supposed source of post-transfusion sequelae occurring into vulnerable populations.

Large‐scale cost‐effective production of RBC

The culture conditions can be improved for reaching the required concentrations as there are many factors that can make the RBC culture such a unique and effective one and they have to be well investigated. Among those factors are blood shortage and technical methods, culture time, cell source, units of blood and co-culture. They are great advances that can help improve the process representing technology to future large‐scale production. There should also be adaptation for each CB unit as there will be difference in the optimal conditions for each of them. It will also be good to watch cells differentiation in order to reach compromise between the maturation and expansion.

Mitochondrial Superoxide Reduction & Cytokine Secretion Skewing by Carbon Nanotube Scaffolds Enhance Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Cord Blood Hematopoietic Progenitors

 

In 1989, umbilical cord blood (UCB) was used for treatment of Fanconi’s anemia1 in a patient who understood his potential as an alternative hematopoietic stem and progenitor (HSPC) cell source2 to make transplantation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC).  There is higher proliferative capacity for the UCB immature cells it also has longer  telomeres and less graft-versus-host-disease incidence. There are characterizations for the immature cells lies in the UCB such as having higher proliferative capacity, lower incidence of graft-versus-host-disease and longer telomeres as this is when they are compared to the marrow of the bones.

It is supposed that there is at least about 25.000 HSPC in the one UCB milliliter and that amount is not enough for adult effective transplantation needs. Scientisits in past times tried to do their best to improve the UCB cell number with the help of cytokines, biomimetic scaffolds, mesenchymal stromal cell co-cultures and even dual UCB transplantation5.  There is here a carboxylic acid (-COOH) functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (f-SWCNT) that work as a novel biomimetic scaffold that can be used as supporting for HSPC vivo expansion. Such carbon cylindrical allotropes are applied already in many biomedical research areas as well as drug delivery applications in addition to cell tracking and tissue engineering too.

Complications that are serious

Large blood volume transfusion can carry with it big complications that can be serious. Such common reactions may have with them febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR), hemolytic reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), nosocomial infections likely secondary to immunosuppression, reperfusion injury , transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO), and allergic transfusion reactions (ATR). Such complications can affect the transfused blood and there are some factors that may affect the injurious factors such as the stored cytokines, the RBC storage lesion, donor antigens, RBC-derived microparticles and donor leukocytes^[13]. RBC-derived microparticles as this can be regarded in the models of provoke lung injury in animal and activate lung endothelial cells.

Plasma transfusion complications

Platelet transfusion is usually presented for either bleeding prophylaxis or for purposes of therapy. It can be seen for Prophylactic transfusion which is existing in thrombocytopenic patients or in patients having dysfunctional platelets.  It may bear the risk of bleeding as a consequence when accompany neurosurgery or ocular surgery where it becomes high  or when it becomes lower in cases of insertion of a central line. There are usual infectious complications and there are also subsequent platelet transfusion refractoriness that is subsequent for platelet transfusion. In such cases the patient can take pro-coagulant products that can include , amicar or tranexamic acid, prothrombin complex concentrates, cryoprecipitate and recombinant factor seven. The best method for reduction of morbidity that associates transfusion is reducing the blood product usage as this can be applied by reducing phlebotomy that are not necessary and using smaller collection tubes or by using limited suitable pharmacologic agents including erythropoietin or using synthetic blood products substitutions or hemoglobin based oxygen carriers.

Febrile transfusion reactions as Non-Infectious Risks of Transfusion

Reactions of febrile transfusion are referred to as a one-degree centigrade that is high in temperature in about three hours of transfusion and they don't have explanations by hemolytic reaction or sepsis. There is variation in the reported incidence that suggests that febrile reactions can be reduced through red cell units leukoreduction. There is a 1:330 red cell average rate and 1:20 relates to platelet transfusions. There can be some features accompanying ferbrile transfusion reactions such as rigors, chills or feeling of discomfort. It is suggested in some research that pre-medication can't reduce febrile risk or  reaction of allergic non-hemolytic transfusion. Ferbile reactions can be treated with transfusion entails discontinuation as well as supportive patient care and there can be also antipyretic therapy.

Zika virus as a complication

Zika virus first outbreak happened in 2007 and the blood transfusion processes had a big role in spreading the virus since 2013. The virus is a mosquito born one and blood donors should be tested for finding it in their blood before blood transfusion operations occur. It should be classified as a major high risk agent that can passively affect the lives of blood recipients. There are measures that can prevent Zika from affecting blood transfusion processes such as having blood deferral that is temporary for blood donors, self- report the virus symptoms by donors if they have it and blood products pathogen inactivation and others. It is supposed that there is risk in all blood donors which makes it important to apply Pathogen-inactivation methods that can ensure suitable flavivirus reduction level that is found in platelets and plasma but still the problem lies in red blood cells that include the most of components of the transfused blood.

References

1.     Brian M. Gilliss, MD, MS, Resident Physician, Mark R. Looney, MD, Assistant Professor, and Michael A. Gropper, MD, PhD, Professor and Vice-Chair. (2011). ' Reducing Non-Infectious Risks of Blood Transfusion.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3162102/

2.     Douay, L. (2018). ' Why industrial production of red blood cells from stem cells is essential for tomorrow’s blood transfusion.' https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/rme-2018-0025

3.     Medonic.se, (2019). ' Parameter Limitations of Automated Blood Cell Counters.' https://www.medonic.se/download/distributors/other/Parameter_Limitations.pdf

4.     Rousseau, G. Giarratana, M.  Douay, L. (2013). ' Large‐scale production of red blood cells from stem cells: What are the technical challenges ahead?' https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/biot.201200368

5.     Stramer SL Hollinger FB Katz LM et al. Emerging infectious disease agents and their potential threat to transfusion safety. Transfusion. 2009; 49: S1-29

6.     TAKEOKA, S. (2005). ' Developmental Trend of Artificial Blood (Artificial Red Blood Cells)'. http://www.med.or.jp/english/pdf/2005_03/135_139.pdf

7.     Young Kim, Brent T Xia, Alex L Chang, and Timothy A Pritts. (2016). ' Role of Leukoreduction of Packed Red Blood Cell Units in Trauma Patients: A Review.' https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438091/

 

  

 

A close reading of text from M. Taylor’s Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry focusing on the relationship between father and son.

 

Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry by M. Taylor has different themes and issues and the current passage can represent the relationship between a father and his son and how it can suggest many ideas relating meaning of friendship, racism and others.

The passage shows how the relationship between the father and the son can be good basis for giving advice and discussing very serious issues such as racism. The passage presents how a father can explain issues such as friendship to his son as for Taylor friendship is nuanced and shaded and it is not only white and black as T.J is black but he can't represent a real friend while Jeremy is very dangerous to befriend. Stacey is facing a hard lesson to be learned as he can't easily make friends with Jeremy as there is no one basis or footing the two can have in common and the father can foresee how things can change and tries to guide his son towards reality. The father is thinking loudly and tries to tell his son that time can change things but nothing is known up till now as Jeremy perhaps change in the future and his respect and love for Stacey may change and issues such as differences between the black and the white may appear then which will be hard for Stacey. 'Cause white folks mean trouble.' This is how father can foresee and explain to his son his point of view about friendship which confirms the trust and support in the son-father relationship as Stacey could at last read the meaning in his fathers' eyes.   

In conclusion, the passage represents a deep father son relationship that can give such space of acceptance to different opinions and advice with ease and support from the father and from the son too.

 

      

 

Philippa Pearce’s Tom’s Midnight Garden is quite moving and heartwarming

 

Philippa Pearce’s Tom’s Midnight Garden is quite moving and heartwarming. This can be clear through the themes such as friendship, fantasy and loneliness.  

The novel presents a resume to the life of the author and it is interesting focusing on the life of the countryside in a fantasy atmosphere. The novel has many elements that make it heartwarming and moving as it presents the Victorian England as being a utopia that can strengthen the national sense of British readers especially the young. The story creates a world of imagination and adventures throughout time focusing on feelings such as loneliness, death, friendship and relating all this to war and loss. Through time slip which is a simple device Tom can travel into time which can symbolize many things a person can have such as condensation that is a symbol for thoughts of people.

The author is taking the reader in different worlds that they discover that they are in the mind of an old lady as the time space presented by Pearce in the dealing she makes with ghosts is making moving point in addition to the reconciliation between the elderly Hatty and the child Tom is representing moving points the author can add to children's fiction. The heartwarming impact left on readers during and after reading this work can be made through the different feelings realized through events and acts included in the connections and disconnections of Tom with nostalgia related to time and aging as the state of Tom being disconnected from present and connected to the past brings feelings of dead people and make it fantastic world.

In conclusion, Philippa Pearce’s Tom’s Midnight Garden is a work that is more than children literature because it bears worlds of the past and souls of the dead that can take the reader to moving points and heartwarming feelings.

A230A AOU Othello and The Power of the Protagonist

 

Introduction

Characterization of the literary protagonists depends on many factors such as the power they occupy and the way they are using this power in society, there are also other factors that examine the dynamics of protagonists' powers such as gender, race and others, this is going to be discussed in the current paper through investigating how Shakespeare presented the character of Othello in his play with reference to the ways Othello as a protagonist was affected by and related to the nature of his position in the play, this will also be applied on the protagonist of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi.

Discussion

Othello's power is marginalized as a result of his precarious nature presented by Shakespeare in the play, Othello's powers were considerable as he was the leader whom everybody respected but factors such as his race, his age and the life of soldiers he lived worked against his powers when Iago felt the insecurity Othello suffered inside his soul, he used them to pressure on Othello and raised his jealousy against his wife Desdemona to turn the powers of Othello into destructive ones. (Oza, 2019) Othello's powers were compromised by his race and the color of his skin which represented difference in a society that regard difference as a reason for manipulating others who are different and may have powers they don't deserve from the society point of view, Shakespeare presented this through the figure of Iago and how he made bad use of the naïve nature of Othello and played tricks to deceive him. Power of Othello was compromised through many ways such as his ability to love and feel jealous as Iago had power desire and tried to stress the dynamics of power in Othello to maintain such power, Iago tried to get dominance over Othello making use of his complexity that is based on his nature as a black hero whose psychological condition can be easily turned in the passive attitude of love. (Ji and Alkoli, 2018)

Shakespeare tried to present a different black character than others in the seventeenth century literature as he was presented with considerable powers as the Moor of Venice but the author tried to leave a special effect on the readers about Othello from the very beginning of the play as he is presented as being totally isolated and that his race played a great role in managing his powers with special language that is offensive and represents sexual coarse as this makes him feel that he is less than others in the white society and this factor helped in compromising his powers and helped Iago to calculate the feelings inside Othello's subconscious and succeed in turning them against Othello's powers. Shakespeare presented the Moor with many powerful characteristics such as courage, love, pride and guilelessness but with other mixed feelings such as fear and strangeness in the society which led to a sort of hostility that as encouraged by Iago who focused on undermining Othello's faith in Desdemona by playing on his trustfulness nature, for example:

"The Moor is of a free and open nature That thinks men honest that but seem to be so."

 II. iii. 399-4001

This shows how Iago's cruelty focused on the naïve nature of the black hero and played on his weak nature that came from his race to lead him to doubt his wife and revenge her. (Held, 2014)

The Duchess of Malfi was written by John Webster in the seventeenth century presenting a different protagonist whose power was compromised through her life's fact that marginalized her powers in many ways as because of her gender as a female, the dynamics of her powers were affected by the nature of her position as a widow whose brothers took precautions to forbid her from remarrying the steward who is at lower class then them. The Duchess had a problematic position that related to her powers as being a female made her brothers force her not to marry the man she loved bearing their reasons as keeping their heritage. (Luckyj, 2011)

 Her powers were almost reduced and her virtual nature couldn't stop her brothers who were different from her to the extent that they rejected her powerful sexual desire and made her elope with Antonio giving birth to three children secretly which raises issues about the Elizabethan era attitudes towards women desires and powers that were opposed by the male elements in her life represented in her brothers. Being the head of State, the Duchess's life and desire for remarriage turned to be a tragedy as the young widow lived in patriarchal order with the two harsh brothers one of them was corrupt who was the cardinal and the other who was her twin through to be a wolf, the Duchess made a decision to get marry to faithful Antonio which should have been considered a usage of her powers as head of the state as she decided to be independent from the male dominance on her life but her gender as a female made her implement the decision secretly which was considered a crime from the point of view of her brothers, this also may represent the society opinion of such decisions in that age as even Duchesses were seen as mere females at many times. As a female ruler, the Duchess was socially regarded as inferior to her brothers who regarded her as immoral, weak minded and over-sexed, her decision to remarry from a steward without the consent of her brother was low esteemed in the society but she also resisted and insisted being the Duchess of Malfi presenting a complex character who still felt great:

"The misery of us that are born great–
We are forced to woo, because none dare woo us"

 (1.1.431–32)

This makes readers realize that the Duchess tale was not a mere seduction story but a tragedy between virtue and vice, power and oppression and that her death being killed by her brother represents killing virtue as the cardinal who at last confess to his mistress that he killed his sister also kills the mistress and when the Duchess eldest son be a heir gives some hope for struggling souls whose gender or any other difference led them to be fought only because they wanted to use their nature powers that they only compromised for social or other precarious nature for their positions. (Shangeetha and.Manikandan, 2016)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is necessary to refer to the literature of the seventeenth century and how the authors tended to depict their protagonists in order to avoid stereotypes common at that age as Shakespeare tried to present Othello in "Othello" as the man of powers who suffered many differences related to color and race which resulted in compromising his powers and led to dramatic ends whereas Webster presented the Duchess in "The Duchess of Malfi" as the powerful women who struggled to get her love and desires in spite of the inferior stigma of her brothers and the society as a widowed who wanted to remarry and although her end was dramatic but she stayed strong till she met her end in courage.       

References

1.      Held, G. (2014). 'Othello's Disenchanted Eye.' Lulu Press. Inc.

2.      Ji, S. Alkoli, H. (2018). 'An Analysis of Power Desire of Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello From Psychological Perspectives.' Journal of Literature and Art Studies, March 2018, Vol. 8, No. 3, 417-421 http://davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/5a9677fe7fb75.pdf

3.      Luckyj, C. (2011). "The Duchess of Malfi, a Critical Guide.'' Bloomsbury Publishing.

4.      Oza, P. (2019). 'Shakespeare's 'Othello'-Perspectives of Power and Knowledge in the Text and the Cinema.' https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335219606_Shakespeare's_'Othello'-Perspectives_of_Power_and_Knowledge_in_the_Text_and_the_Cinema

5.      Shangeetha, A. Manikandan, S. (2016). 'The Theme and Morality, Ethics of the Duchess of Malfi‘s Tragedy.' International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 3(6), ISSN: 2394-9333 http://www.ijtrd.com/papers/IJTRD4333.pdf

EL117 Process Essay and Argumentative Essay

 Part 1 Process Essay (Starting a new business)

Outline

Introductory Paragraph:

Hook/Opening statement:

There are important steps a person should know to start a new business.

Thesis statement:

Starting a new business requires planning, good advertising, deep thinking and analyzing the market in order to make the right decision about the type, size and place of the business.

Body Paragraph (1):

Topic sentence (1):

Planning is important before starting a business because it makes things clear and gives the chance to study the market, understand business trends and decide the main targets and elements of the business.

Major supporting details:

Elements of the business include the finance, capital funding, human resources, targets, products and expenses.

It is important to make a financial business plan for the new project.

Body Paragraph (2):

Topic sentence (2):

It is important to analyze the market before starting a business and this should include recognizing competitors and analyzing them.

Major supporting details:

The analysis can examine external factors such as PESTLE analysis and competitor analysis or can study internal factors such as SWOT analysis.

It is also necessary to make good advertisement campaign for the new business.

Concluding Paragraph:

Restatement of the thesis:

It is important to analyze the market before starting a new business and then to have a plan for the business that includes good advertisement campaign.

Final comment:

Starting a new business is a process that needs many steps to be known and done before beginning the business.

Part1/ Process Essay (350 words)

There are steps a person should know to start a new business. Starting a new business requires planning, good advertising, deep thinking and analyzing the market in order to make the right decision about the type, size and place of the business.

Starting a new business requires planning. Planning is important before starting a business because it makes things clear and gives the chance to study the market, understand business trends and decide the main targets and elements of the business. At first, the place of the business should be suitable for the products that will be marketed in it. A competitor analysis should be done to study the local and international potential competitors and how to boost them. A business plan can also help the business owners to decide the financial capital and human resources and other items that are necessary to be decided before starting the business. The plan can shed the light on the products and how to diversify in them and the targets the project should work to reach in the first years.

Making different types of analysis is a necessary step when starting a new business. Analyzing factors that are relevant to the business can be effective through the competitor analysis and PESTLE analysis that studies the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that may affect the business in order to learn techniques to cope with these factors. Internal factors can also shed the light on the new business strengths and weaknesses as SWOT analysis can be effective to do this and it can also present the different opportunities the new business can have and the threats that may be found and stand against the business success. The analysis process can make the business aware of its real potentials and how to develop them in the market.  

It is important to analyze the market before starting a new business and then to have a plan for the business that includes good advertisement campaign. Starting a new business is a process that needs many steps to be known and done before beginning the business.

Part 2 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay (Social media advantages and disadvantages)

Outline

Introductory Paragraph:

Hook/Opening statement:

Social media has become a strong tool today that has advantages and disadvantages.

Thesis statement:

Social media is a two edged weapon today as it has many advantages that can be useful for business and education and it also has disadvantages that include time wasting, raising conflicts and causing harmful effect on man's health.

Body Paragraph (1):

Topic sentence (1):

Social media has advantages such as supporting businesses and working as business marketplaces where people can communicate, exchange ideas and purchase the different items they need.

Major supporting details:

The different advantages social media has include many fields such as education, business, politics and culture.

Body Paragraph (2):

Topic sentence (2):

Social media has many disadvantages that can affect humans on different areas.

Major supporting details:

The social media disadvantages include wasting time, affecting the eyes and nerves and causing perplexed ideas and conflicts to many people by wrong information it may include and deliver.

Body Paragraph (3):

Topic sentence (3):

Social media should be used properly and wisely in order to make good use of it and avoid its disadvantages.

Major supporting details:

Time consumed on different social media sites should be estimated and planned to avoid the disadvantages of the social media on both short and long terms.

Concluding Paragraph:

Restatement of the thesis:

Social media should be used wisely in order to take the benefits of it and avoid its side effects as it has advantages and disadvantages that can affect humans in many ways.

Final comment:

There should be a good system for using social media and consuming time on its different channels in order not to be passively affected by its disadvantages.   

Part2/ Argumentative and persuasive essay (495 words)

Social media has become a strong tool today that has advantages and disadvantages. Social media is a two edged weapon today as it has many advantages that can be useful for business and education and it also has disadvantages that include time wasting, raising conflicts and causing harmful effect on man's health. 

Social media has advantages such as supporting businesses and working as business marketplaces where people can communicate, exchange ideas and purchase the different items they need. The different advantages social media has include many fields such as education, business, politics and culture. Social media is a good tool for meeting others, making new friends and communicating with people from anywhere in the world and its different channel can also be used as good marketplaces for many people who work from home or have to communicate with their customers via online channels such as Twitter, Facebook, You Tube and Instagram. These sites can also be used as gates for information for all people and in all fields. This makes social media a good tool with many advantages that people can use and make profits from too. Social media channels can also be sources for educational materials students can use and follow from home through their mobiles and other smart devices easily.

Yet social media has many disadvantages too that can affect humans on different areas. The social media disadvantages include wasting time, affecting the eyes and nerves and causing perplexed ideas and conflicts to many people by wrong information it may include and deliver. The advantages include wasting the time on the many channels of social media chatting, looking for information without target and watching different videos that may not be useful or amusing. Advantages also include having information that may not be authentic or may be fake made by people who want to make fun or make profits form ads online.

People may also get nervous by other people who may argue without respect to others or try to harm them by anyway and this can affect nerves in addition to the bad effect using mobiles and other smart devices can leave on eyes and nerves when they are used too much time without consideration. This makes it necessary to use social media wisely in order to make good use of it and avoid its disadvantages. Time consumed on different social media sites should be estimated and planned to avoid the disadvantages of the social media on both short and long terms. People who use social media should also be careful from others who may harm them and avoid strangers to a great extent.

Social media should be used wisely in order to take the benefits of it and avoid its side effects as it has advantages and disadvantages that can affect humans in many ways. There should be a good system for using social media and consuming time on its different channels in order not to be passively affected by its disadvantages.  

References

1. Alves, A. (2008). ' The University of Birmingham.' https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/cels/essays/languageteaching/AReisAlvesProcessWritingLTM.pdf
2. Bayat, N. (2014). 'The Effect of the Process Writing Approach on Writing Success and Anxiety.' https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1034097.pdf
3. Fahy, K. (2008). 'Writing for publication: Argument and evidence.' http://cdn.elsevier.com/promis_misc/Writing_publications_argumentevidence.pdf
4. Wingate, U. (2012). ' ‘Argument!’ helping students understand what essay writing is about.' https://www.nesorussia.org/files/pdf-files/Wingate2012Argument_Helpingstudentsunderstandwhatessaywritingisabout.pdf

Gandhi, The Human Leader

“When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won. There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. Think of it—always.”

Mahatma Gandhi

The human leader Gandhi was a great leader who was well recognized as one of the most influencing characters in the twentieth century and a great politician and a spiritual leader who focused on human rights not only in India but in the whole world as well. Being the father of India, the Mahatma was a pioneer and a leader of Satyagraha principle which means to resist the tyranny made by powerful authorities through the disobedience applied by civil forces that are nonviolent. The Mahatma made many efforts to improve the life of Indians in particular as there were campaigns for seeking women rights, ethnic harmony, poverty ease and elimination of caste systems injustice. Gandhi was also imprisoned for the efforts and actions he made but it wasn't until 1947 when he accomplished his aim and when India got its independence from England on its lands. Mahatma means the "Great Soul" as he was credited as an inspiration by many great thinkers such as Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela as he inspired them in their efforts of achieving equal rights for their people and the peoples of the world.      

 

  

The Impact of the French Revolution on the Role of Women

 

Women participation in the French Revolution included the different aspects of the revolution yet proved to be controversial in many times. The status of women in the family has been regarded as subject of polemics and this is in the society too. In the 18^th century, women's rights were the most things to be focused on in order to improve the status of women. Enlightening writers could often take a traditional stance related the question of women as they regarded women as being different in their biological and social status from men referring them only to domestic roles within their families rather than being in public or sharing the political events. An example of them was Jean-Jacques Rousseau who presented his views in books such as Emile where he described how the ideal education for women should be. His views were all about the importance of women's breastfeeding and teaching for their children themselves but at the same time he insisted on not involving them within the public society. His focus was more on the education of male children with discrimination in what is delivered for males as education and that of female students. Yet under French laws, many of women's rights were districted as before 1789 ideas such as women's rights were not heard in spite of listening to the voices of minorities' rights including Jews, black and others. Afterwards, women began to take roles in the public life with some restrictions under the French laws and custom. People at that time mostly regarded the role of women as working at homes and belonging to the private area of her home and family without focusing on the public participation of women. Most women from the lower social classes worked in simple jobs as peasants, shopkeepers, laundresses and other simple jobs that couldn't support them as workers in the society as marriage and making a family were the most important interests women would focus on. After the Bastille fall on 14 July 1789, the role of women turned to change a little bit as women crowded to ask for accounting from the king walking from Paris. After that women were able to participate in attending meetings and joining political clubs till the leading intellectual Marie-Jean Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet published her article regarding women's rights in the newspaper demanding the political rights for women. Many campaigns were launched afterwards to support giving women the rights to vote and share as men in political affairs.